FORM 424B3
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Filed Pursuant to Rule 424(b)(3)
Registration No. 333-152974
 
     
(CLIFFS LOGO)   (ALPHA LOGO)
TO THE SHAREHOLDERS OF
CLIFFS NATURAL RESOURCES INC. AND STOCKHOLDERS OF
ALPHA NATURAL RESOURCES, INC.
 
Cliffs Natural Resources Inc. (formerly known as Cleveland-Cliffs Inc), which is referred to as Cliffs, and Alpha Natural Resources, Inc., which is referred to as Alpha, have entered into an agreement and plan of merger pursuant to which Alpha Merger Sub, Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of Cliffs, which is referred to as merger sub, will merge with and into Alpha, or, under certain circumstances, as described in Annex G, merger sub will be converted from a Delaware corporation to a Delaware limited liability company, Alpha Merger Sub, LLC, and Alpha will merge with and into Alpha Merger Sub, LLC. Upon successful completion of the merger, Alpha stockholders will be entitled to receive a combination of cash and Cliffs common shares in exchange for their shares of Alpha common stock. Pursuant to the merger, each share of Alpha common stock (other than shares of Alpha common stock held by any dissenting Alpha stockholder that has properly exercised appraisal rights in accordance with Delaware law, held in treasury by Alpha or owned by Cliffs) will be converted into the right to receive 0.95 of a common share of Cliffs and $22.23 in cash, without interest. Upon completion of the merger, we estimate that Alpha’s former stockholders will own approximately 37% of the then-outstanding common shares of Cliffs, based on the number of shares of Alpha common stock and Cliffs common shares outstanding on October 6, 2008. Cliffs shareholders will continue to own their existing shares, which will not be affected by the merger. Common shares of Cliffs are listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “CLF.” Upon completion of the merger, Alpha common stock, which is listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “ANR,” will be delisted. When the merger is completed, Cliffs common shares will continue to be listed on the New York Stock Exchange.
 
We expect the merger to be nontaxable for federal income tax purposes for Alpha stockholders and Cliffs shareholders, except for the receipt by Alpha stockholders of cash in exchange for their Alpha common stock or cash instead of fractional common shares of Cliffs.
 
We are each holding our special meeting of shareholders in order to obtain those approvals necessary to consummate the merger. At the Cliffs special meeting, Cliffs will ask its shareholders to adopt the merger agreement and approve the issuance of common shares of Cliffs in connection with the merger. At the Alpha special meeting, Alpha will ask its stockholders to adopt the merger agreement. The obligations of Cliffs and Alpha to complete the merger are also subject to the satisfaction or waiver of several other conditions to the merger. More information about Cliffs, Alpha and the proposed merger is contained in this joint proxy statement/prospectus. We urge you to read this joint proxy statement/prospectus, and the documents incorporated by reference into this joint proxy statement/prospectus, carefully and in their entirety, in particular, see “Risk Factors” beginning on page 27.
 
After careful consideration, each of our boards of directors has approved the merger agreement and has determined that the merger agreement and the merger are advisable and in the best interests of the shareholders of Cliffs and stockholders of Alpha, respectively. Accordingly, the Alpha board of directors recommends that the Alpha stockholders vote for the adoption of the merger agreement. The Cliffs board of directors recommends that the Cliffs shareholders vote for the adoption of the merger agreement and the issuance of Cliffs common shares to be issued in connection with the merger.
 
We are very excited about the opportunities the proposed merger brings to both Alpha stockholders and Cliffs shareholders, and we thank you for your consideration and continued support.
 
     
-s- Joseph A. Carrabba
Joseph A. Carrabba
Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer
Cliffs Natural Resources Inc.
  -s- Michael J. Quillen
Michael J. Quillen
Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
Alpha Natural Resources, Inc.
 
Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or passed upon the adequacy or accuracy of this joint proxy statement/prospectus. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.
 
This joint proxy statement/prospectus is dated October 23, 2008, and is first being mailed to Alpha stockholders and Cliffs shareholders on or about October 23, 2008.


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REFERENCES TO ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
 
Except where we indicate otherwise, as used in this joint proxy statement/prospectus, “Cliffs” refers to Cliffs Natural Resources Inc. (formerly known as Cleveland-Cliffs Inc) and its consolidated subsidiaries and “Alpha” refers to Alpha Natural Resources, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries. This joint proxy statement/prospectus incorporates important business and financial information about Cliffs and Alpha from documents that each company has filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, which we refer to as the SEC, but that have not been included in or delivered with this joint proxy statement/prospectus. For a list of documents incorporated by reference into this joint proxy statement/prospectus and how you may obtain them, see “Where You Can Find More Information” beginning on page 239.
 
This information is available to you without charge upon your written or oral request. You can also obtain the documents incorporated by reference into this joint proxy statement/prospectus by accessing the SEC’s website maintained at http://www.sec.gov.
 
In addition, Cliffs’ filings with the SEC are available to the public on Cliffs’ website, http://www.cliffsnaturalresources.com, and Alpha’s filings with the SEC are available to the public on Alpha’s website, http://www.alphanr.com. Information contained on Cliffs’ website, Alpha’s website or the website of any other person is not incorporated by reference into this joint proxy statement/prospectus, and you should not consider information contained on those websites as part of this joint proxy statement/prospectus.
 
Cliffs will provide you with copies of this information relating to Cliffs, without charge, if you request them in writing or by telephone from:
 
Cliffs Natural Resources Inc.
1100 Superior Avenue
Cleveland, Ohio 44114-2544
Attention: Investor Relations
(216) 694-5700
 
Alpha will provide you with copies of this information relating to Alpha, without charge, if you request them in writing or by telephone from:
 
Alpha Natural Resources, Inc.
One Alpha Place, P.O. Box 2345
Abingdon, Virginia 24212
Attention: Investor Relations
(276) 619-4410
 
If you would like to request documents, please do so by November 14, 2008, in order to receive them before the special meetings.
 
Cliffs has supplied all information contained in or incorporated by reference in this joint proxy statement/prospectus relating to Cliffs, and Alpha has supplied all information contained in or incorporated by reference in this joint proxy statement/prospectus relating to Alpha.


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(ALPHA LOGO)
 
ALPHA NATURAL RESOURCES, INC.
One Alpha Place, P.O. Box 2345
Abingdon, Virginia 24212
 
NOTICE OF SPECIAL MEETING OF STOCKHOLDERS
TO BE HELD ON NOVEMBER 21, 2008
 
To our fellow Stockholders of Alpha Natural Resources, Inc.:
 
We will hold our special meeting of stockholders at our offices located at One Alpha Place, Abingdon, Virginia 24212, on November 21, 2008, at 11 a.m. E.T., unless adjourned to a later date. This special meeting will be held for the following purposes:
 
1. To adopt the Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of July 15, 2008, as it may be amended from time to time, by and among Cleveland-Cliffs Inc (now known as Cliffs Natural Resources Inc.), Alpha Merger Sub, Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of Cliffs Natural Resources Inc., and Alpha Natural Resources, Inc., pursuant to which Alpha Merger Sub, Inc. will merge with and into Alpha Natural Resources, Inc., or, under certain circumstances, as described in Annex G, Alpha Merger Sub, Inc. will be converted from a Delaware corporation to a Delaware limited liability company, Alpha Merger Sub, LLC, and Alpha Natural Resources, Inc. will merge with and into Alpha Merger Sub, LLC, on the terms and subject to the conditions contained in the merger agreement, and each outstanding share of common stock of Alpha Natural Resources, Inc. (other than shares held by any of its dissenting stockholders that have properly exercised appraisal rights in accordance with Delaware law, held in its treasury or owned by Cliffs Natural Resources Inc.) will be converted into the right to receive $22.23 in cash, without interest, and 0.95 of a common share of Cliffs Natural Resources Inc. A copy of the merger agreement is attached as Annex A to the accompanying joint proxy statement/prospectus; and
 
2. To approve adjournments of the Alpha Natural Resources, Inc. special meeting, if necessary, to permit further solicitation of proxies if there are not sufficient votes at the time of the Alpha Natural Resources, Inc. special meeting to approve the above proposal.
 
These items of business are described in the accompanying joint proxy statement/prospectus. Only stockholders of record at the close of business on October 10, 2008, are entitled to notice of the Alpha Natural Resources, Inc. special meeting and to vote at the Alpha Natural Resources, Inc. special meeting and any adjournments of the Alpha Natural Resources, Inc. special meeting.
 
Alpha Natural Resources, Inc.’s board of directors has approved the merger agreement and the transactions contemplated by the merger agreement, including the merger, and has determined that the merger agreement and the transactions contemplated by the merger agreement are advisable and fair to, and in the best interests of, Alpha Natural Resources, Inc. and its stockholders. Alpha Natural Resources, Inc.’s board of directors recommends that you vote for the adoption of the merger agreement.
 
In deciding to approve the merger agreement and the transactions contemplated by the merger agreement, including the merger, Alpha Natural Resources, Inc.’s board of directors considered the fairness opinion of its financial advisor delivered on July 15, 2008 and attached as Annex B to the accompanying joint proxy statement/prospectus. The fairness opinion speaks only as of its date and does not address the fairness of the merger consideration from a financial point of view at the time the merger is completed. We urge you to read “Risk Factors — Risks Relating to the Merger — The fairness opinions obtained by Cliffs and Alpha from their respective financial advisors will not reflect changes in circumstances between signing the merger agreement and the completion of the merger” on page 29.
 
Under Delaware law, appraisal rights will be available to Alpha Natural Resources, Inc. stockholders of record who do not vote in favor of the adoption of the merger agreement. To exercise your appraisal rights, you must strictly follow the procedures prescribed by Delaware law, submit a timely written demand for appraisal prior to the


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vote on the adoption of the merger agreement and otherwise comply with the requirements for exercising appraisal rights. These procedures are summarized in the accompanying joint proxy statement/prospectus.
 
Your vote is very important.  Whether or not you plan to attend the Alpha Natural Resources, Inc. special meeting in person, please complete, sign and date the enclosed proxy card(s) as soon as possible and return it in the postage-prepaid envelope provided, or vote your shares by telephone or over the Internet as described in the accompanying joint proxy statement/prospectus. Submitting a proxy now will not prevent you from being able to vote at the special meeting by attending in person and casting a vote. However, if you do not return or submit the proxy or vote your shares by telephone or over the Internet or vote in person at the special meeting, the effect will be the same as a vote against the proposal to adopt the merger agreement.
 
By order of the board of directors,
 
-s- Vaughn Groves
Vaughn Groves
Vice President, Secretary and General
Counsel
 
 
Please vote your shares promptly. You can find instructions for voting on the enclosed proxy card.
 
 
 
If you have questions, contact:
 
Alpha Natural Resources, Inc.
One Alpha Place, P.O. Box 2345
Abingdon, Virginia 24212
Attention: Investor Relations
(276) 619-4410
or
D.F. King & Co., Inc.
48 Wall Street, 22nd Floor
New York, New York 10005
Banks and Brokers call collect: (212) 269-5550
All others call toll-free: (888) 887-0082
 
 
 
Abingdon, Virginia, October 23, 2008
 
 
YOUR VOTE IS VERY IMPORTANT.
 
Please complete, date, sign and return your proxy card(s), or vote your shares by telephone or over the Internet at your earliest convenience so that your shares are represented at the meeting.
 


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(CLIFFS LOGO)
 
CLIFFS NATURAL RESOURCES INC.
1100 Superior Avenue
Cleveland, Ohio 44114-2544
 
NOTICE OF SPECIAL MEETING OF SHAREHOLDERS
TO BE HELD ON NOVEMBER 21, 2008
 
To our fellow Shareholders of Cliffs Natural Resources Inc.:
 
The special meeting of shareholders of Cliffs Natural Resources Inc. will be held at The Forum Conference Center located at One Cleveland Center, 1375 East Ninth Street, Cleveland, Ohio 44114 on November 21, 2008, at 11 a.m. E.T., unless postponed or adjourned to a later date. The Cliffs Natural Resources Inc. special meeting will be held for the following purposes:
 
1. To adopt the Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of July 15, 2008, as it may be amended from time to time, by and among Cleveland-Cliffs Inc (now known as Cliffs Natural Resources Inc.), Alpha Merger Sub, Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of Cliffs Natural Resources Inc., and Alpha Natural Resources, Inc., pursuant to which Alpha Merger Sub, Inc. will merge with and into Alpha Natural Resources, Inc., or, under certain circumstances, as described in Annex G, Alpha Merger Sub, Inc. will be converted from a Delaware corporation to a Delaware limited liability company, Alpha Merger Sub, LLC, and Alpha Natural Resources, Inc. will merge with and into Alpha Merger Sub, LLC, on the terms and subject to the conditions contained in the merger agreement, and approve the issuance of Cliffs Natural Resources Inc. common shares in connection with the merger. A copy of the merger agreement is attached as Annex A to the accompanying joint proxy statement/prospectus;
 
2. To approve adjournments or postponements of the Cliffs Natural Resources Inc. special meeting, if necessary, to permit further solicitation of proxies if there are not sufficient votes at the time of the Cliffs Natural Resources Inc. special meeting to adopt the merger agreement and approve the issuance of the Cliffs Natural Resources Inc. common shares on the terms and subject to the conditions contained in the merger agreement; and
 
3. To consider and take action upon any other business that may properly come before the Cliffs Natural Resources Inc. special meeting or any reconvened meeting following an adjournment or postponement of the Cliffs Natural Resources Inc. special meeting.
 
These items of business are described in the accompanying joint proxy statement/prospectus. Only shareholders of record at the close of business on October 6, 2008, are entitled to notice of the Cliffs Natural Resources Inc. special meeting and to vote at the Cliffs Natural Resources Inc. special meeting and any adjournments or postponements of the Cliffs Natural Resources Inc. special meeting.
 
Cliffs Natural Resources Inc.’s board of directors has approved the merger agreement and the transactions contemplated by the merger agreement, including the merger and the issuance of Cliffs Natural Resources Inc. common shares in connection with the merger, and has determined that the transactions contemplated by the merger agreement are advisable and fair to, and in the best interests of, Cliffs Natural Resources Inc. and its shareholders. Cliffs Natural Resources Inc.’s board of directors recommends that you vote for the adoption of the merger agreement and the approval of the issuance of Cliffs Natural Resources Inc. common shares pursuant to the merger agreement.
 
In deciding to approve the merger agreement and the transactions contemplated by the merger agreement, including the merger and the issuance of the Cliffs Natural Resources Inc. common shares in connection with the merger, Cliffs Natural Resources Inc.’s board of directors considered the fairness opinion of its financial advisor delivered on July 15, 2008 and attached as Annex C to the accompanying joint proxy statement/prospectus. The fairness opinion speaks only as of its date and does not address the fairness of the merger consideration from a financial point of view at the time the merger is completed. We urge you to read “Risk Factors — Risks Relating to the Merger — The fairness opinions obtained by Cliffs and Alpha from their respective financial advisors will not reflect changes in circumstances between signing the merger agreement and the completion of the merger” on page 29.


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Under Chapter 1701 of the Ohio Revised Code, dissenters’ rights will be available to Cliffs Natural Resources Inc. shareholders of record who do not vote in favor of the proposal to adopt the merger agreement and approve the issuance of Cliffs Natural Resources Inc. common shares. To exercise your dissenters’ rights, you must strictly follow the procedures prescribed by Chapter 1701 of the Ohio Revised Code. These procedures are summarized in the accompanying joint proxy statement/prospectus.
 
Your vote is very important.  Whether or not you plan to attend the Cliffs Natural Resources Inc. special meeting in person, please complete, sign and date the enclosed proxy card(s) as soon as possible and return it in the postage-prepaid envelope provided, or vote your shares by telephone or over the Internet as described in the accompanying joint proxy statement/prospectus. Submitting a proxy now will not prevent you from being able to vote at the special meeting by attending in person and casting a vote. However, if you do not return or submit the proxy or vote your shares by telephone or over the Internet or vote in person at the special meeting, the effect will be the same as a vote against the proposal to adopt the merger agreement and approve the issuance of Cliffs Natural Resources Inc. common shares in the merger.
 
By order of the board of directors,
 
-s- George W. Hawk, Jr.
George W. Hawk, Jr.
General Counsel and Secretary
 
Please vote your shares promptly. You can find instructions for voting on the enclosed proxy card.
 
 
 
If you have questions, contact:
 
Cliffs Natural Resources Inc.
1100 Superior Avenue
Cleveland, Ohio 44114-2544
Attention: Investor Relations
(216) 694-5700
or
Innisfree M&A Incorporated
501 Madison Avenue, 20th Floor
New York, New York 10022
Shareholders may call toll-free: (877) 456-3507
Banks and Brokers call collect: (212) 750-5833
 
 
 
 
Cleveland, Ohio, October 23, 2008
 
 
 
YOUR VOTE IS VERY IMPORTANT.
 
Please complete, date, sign and return your proxy card(s) or vote your shares by telephone or over the Internet at your earliest convenience so that your shares are represented at the meeting.
 
 


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MATERIAL CONTRACTS BETWEEN CLIFFS AND ITS AFFILIATES AND ALPHA AND ITS AFFILIATES     143  
MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS OF CLIFFS     144  
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ANNEXES
       
Agreement and Plan of Merger
    A-1  
Opinion of Citigroup Global Markets Inc. 
    B-1  
Opinion of J.P. Morgan Securities Inc. 
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Section 262 of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware
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Section 1701.85 of Chapter 1701 of the Ohio Revised Code
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Effects of Merger if Restructured
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QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ABOUT THE SPECIAL MEETINGS AND THE MERGER
 
The following questions and answers briefly address some commonly asked questions about the special meetings and the merger. They may not include all the information that is important to you. Cliffs Natural Resources Inc. (formerly, Cleveland-Cliffs Inc), which we refer to as Cliffs, and Alpha Natural Resources, Inc., which we refer to as Alpha, urge you to read carefully this entire joint proxy statement/prospectus, including the annexes and the other documents to which we have referred you. We have included page references in certain parts of this section to direct you to a more detailed description of each topic presented elsewhere in this joint proxy statement/prospectus.
 
The Merger
 
Q: Why am I receiving this joint proxy statement/prospectus?
 
A: The boards of directors of each of Alpha and Cliffs have agreed to the acquisition of Alpha by Cliffs pursuant to the terms of a merger agreement that is described in this joint proxy statement/prospectus. A copy of the merger agreement is attached to this joint proxy statement/prospectus as Annex A.
 
In order to complete the transactions contemplated by the merger agreement, including the merger, Cliffs shareholders and Alpha stockholders must vote on and approve proposals described in this joint proxy statement/prospectus and all other conditions to the merger must be satisfied or waived. Alpha and Cliffs will hold separate special meetings of their respective shareholders to seek to obtain these approvals.
 
This joint proxy statement/prospectus contains important information about the merger agreement, the transactions contemplated by the merger agreement, including the merger, and the respective special meetings of the stockholders of Alpha and shareholders of Cliffs, which you should read carefully. The enclosed proxy materials allow you to grant a proxy to vote your shares without attending your respective company’s special meeting in person.
 
Your vote is very important. We encourage you to submit your proxy as soon as possible.
 
Q: What is the proposed transaction for which I am being asked to vote?
 
A: Alpha stockholders are being asked to adopt the merger agreement at the Alpha special meeting. A copy of the merger agreement is attached to this joint proxy statement/prospectus as Annex A. The approval of the proposal to adopt the merger agreement by Alpha stockholders is a condition to the obligation of the parties to the merger agreement to complete the merger. See “The Merger — Conditions to Completion of the Merger” on page 92 and “Summary — Conditions to Completion of the Merger” beginning on page 12.
 
Cliffs shareholders are being asked to adopt the merger agreement and approve the issuance of Cliffs common shares pursuant to the terms of the merger agreement at the Cliffs special meeting. The approval of this proposal by the Cliffs shareholders is a condition to the obligation of the parties to the merger agreement to complete the merger. See “The Merger — Conditions to Completion of the Merger” on page 92 and “Summary — Conditions to Completion of the Merger” beginning on page 12.
 
Q: Why are Alpha and Cliffs proposing the merger?
 
A: Alpha and Cliffs both believe that the merger will provide substantial strategic and financial benefits to the stockholders of both companies. The combined company, which we refer to as the combined company, will become one of the largest U.S. mining companies and be positioned as a leading diversified mining and natural resources company. In addition, Alpha is also proposing the merger to provide its stockholders with the opportunity to receive the merger consideration and to offer Alpha stockholders the opportunity to participate in the growth and opportunities of the combined company by receiving Cliffs common shares pursuant to the merger. To review the reasons for the merger in greater detail, see “The Merger — Alpha’s Reasons for the Merger and Recommendation of Alpha’s Board of Directors” beginning on page 59 and “The Merger — Cliffs’ Reasons for the Merger and Recommendation of Cliffs’ Board of Directors” beginning on page 61.


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Q: What are the positions of the Alpha and Cliffs boards of directors regarding the merger and the proposals relating to the adoption of the merger agreement and the issuance of Cliffs common shares?
 
A: Both boards of directors have approved the merger agreement and the transactions contemplated by the merger agreement, including the merger, and determined that the transactions contemplated by the merger agreement are advisable and fair to, and in the best interests of, their respective companies and stockholders. The Alpha board of directors recommends that the Alpha stockholders vote for the proposal to adopt the merger agreement at the Alpha special meeting. The Cliffs board of directors recommends that the Cliffs shareholders vote for the proposal to adopt the merger agreement and approve the issuance of Cliffs common shares pursuant to the terms of the merger agreement at the Cliffs special meeting. See “The Merger — Alpha’s Reasons for the Merger and Recommendation of Alpha’s Board of Directors” beginning on page 59, “The Merger — Cliffs’ Reasons for the Merger and Recommendation of Cliffs’ Board of Directors” beginning on page 61, “Summary — The Merger — Alpha’s Reasons for the Merger” on page 9 and “Summary — The Merger — Cliffs’ Reasons for the Merger” on page 9.
 
Q: What vote is needed by Alpha stockholders to adopt the merger agreement?
 
A: The adoption of the merger agreement requires the affirmative vote of at least a majority of the outstanding shares of Alpha common stock entitled to vote. If you are an Alpha stockholder and you abstain from voting, that will have the same effect as a vote against the adoption of the merger agreement. See “The Alpha Special Meeting — Quorum and Vote Required” beginning on page 40.
 
Q: What vote is needed by Cliffs shareholders to adopt the merger agreement and approve the issuance of Cliffs common shares pursuant to the terms of the merger agreement?
 
A: The adoption of the merger agreement and the approval of the issuance of Cliffs common shares pursuant to the terms of the merger agreement requires the affirmative vote of at least two-thirds of the votes entitled to be cast by the holders of outstanding common shares of Cliffs and 3.25% Redeemable Cumulative Convertible Perpetual Preferred Stock of Cliffs, which we refer to as Series A-2 preferred stock, voting together as a class. If you are a Cliffs shareholder and you abstain from voting, that will have the same effect as a vote against the adoption of the merger agreement and the issuance of Cliffs common shares pursuant to the merger agreement. See “The Cliffs Special Meeting — Quorum and Vote Required” beginning on page 44.
 
The former owners of PinnOak Resources, LLC, or PinnOak, which, held, collectively, as of the record date, 4,000,000 common shares of Cliffs, or approximately 3.5% of all of the common shares of Cliffs issued and outstanding as of the record date, and United Mining Co., Ltd., or United Mining, which held as of the record date 4,311,471 common shares of Cliffs, or approximately 3.8% of the then issued and outstanding common shares of Cliffs, each entered into separate voting agreements with Cliffs, pursuant to which they have agreed, among other things, to vote their respective common shares of Cliffs in favor of the adoption of the merger agreement and the approval of the transactions contemplated thereby, including the merger.
 
Q: What will happen in the proposed merger?
 
A: In the proposed merger, Alpha Merger Sub, Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of Cliffs, which we refer to as merger sub, will merge with and into Alpha, with Alpha as the surviving company. Under certain circumstances, the merger may be restructured so that merger sub will be converted from a Delaware corporation to a Delaware limited liability company, Alpha Merger Sub, LLC, and Alpha will merge with and into Alpha Merger Sub, LLC, with Alpha Merger Sub, LLC as the surviving company. The effects of the merger, if it is restructured in this way, are described in Annex G. After the merger, Alpha will no longer be a public company and will become a wholly-owned subsidiary of Cliffs. See “The Merger Agreement — The Merger; Closing” beginning on page 96.
 
Q: What will Alpha stockholders receive in the merger?
 
A: In the merger, holders of Alpha common stock (other than shares of Alpha common stock held by any dissenting Alpha stockholder that has properly exercised appraisal rights in accordance with Delaware law, held in


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treasury by Alpha or owned by Cliffs) will be entitled to receive for each share of Alpha common stock (which will be cancelled in the merger):
 
• $22.23 in cash, without interest; and
 
• 0.95 of a fully paid, nonassessable common share of Cliffs.
 
Although both the cash portion and the share portion of the merger consideration are fixed, due to the fluctuations in the market value of the Cliffs common shares, the value of the Cliffs common shares to be issued in the merger will fluctuate with movements in the price of Cliffs common shares. See “Risk Factors — Risks Relating to the Merger — Because the market price of Cliffs common shares will fluctuate, Alpha stockholders cannot be sure of the value of the merger consideration they will receive” on page 27.
 
Alpha stockholders will be entitled to receive cash for any fractional common shares of Cliffs that they would otherwise be entitled to receive in the merger.
 
Q: What are the potential principal adverse consequences of the merger to the Cliffs shareholders?
 
A: Following the consummation of the merger, Cliffs shareholders will participate in one of the largest U.S. mining companies with a mine portfolio including nine iron ore facilities and more than 60 coal mines located across North America, South America and Australia. Although the combined company will have a significantly increased size and scope, if the combined company is unable to realize the strategic and financial benefits currently anticipated to result from the merger, then Cliffs shareholders could experience dilution of their economic interest in Cliffs without receiving a commensurate benefit. In addition, it is possible that the merger could result in dilution to Cliffs’ earnings per share. Further, any adverse changes to the financial condition, results of operations, business, competitive position, reputation and business prospects of Alpha could potentially adversely affect the value of the combined company, thereby decreasing the value of the Cliffs common shares after the merger. Please see “Risk Factors — Risks Relating to the Merger” beginning on page 27 and “Risk Factors — Risks Relating to the Combined Company’s Operations After Consummation of the Merger” beginning on page 38 for a further discussion of the material risks associated with the merger.
 
Q: Do Alpha stockholders have appraisal rights?
 
A: Yes. Alpha stockholders who do not vote in favor of adopting the merger agreement and who otherwise comply with the requirements of Delaware law will be entitled to appraisal rights to receive the statutorily determined “fair value” of their shares of Alpha common stock as determined by the Delaware Chancery Court, rather than the merger consideration. For a full description of the appraisal rights available to Alpha stockholders, see “Summary — Appraisal Rights of Alpha Stockholders” beginning on page 11 and “The Merger — Appraisal Rights of Alpha Stockholders” beginning on page 87.
 
Q: Do Cliffs shareholders have dissenters’ rights?
 
A: Yes. Cliffs shareholders are entitled to exercise dissenters’ rights in connection with the merger, provided they comply with the requirements of Chapter 1701 of the Ohio Revised Code, which we refer to as the Ohio General Corporation Law. For a full description of the dissenters’ rights of Cliffs shareholders, see “Summary — Dissenters’ Rights of Cliffs Shareholders” on page 12 and “The Merger — Dissenters’ Rights of Cliffs Shareholders” beginning on page 90.
 
Q: Will the rights of Alpha stockholders change as a result of the merger?
 
A: Yes. Alpha stockholders will become Cliffs shareholders and their rights as Cliffs shareholders will be governed by the Ohio General Corporation Law and Cliffs’ amended articles of incorporation, as amended, which we refer to as the amended articles of incorporation, and regulations, which we refer to as the regulations. For a summary description of those rights, see “Comparison of Rights of Shareholders” beginning on page 217. For a copy of Cliffs’ amended articles of incorporation or regulations, see “Where You Can Find More Information” beginning on page 239.
 
Q: Will the rights of Cliffs shareholders change as a result of the merger?
 
A: No. Cliffs shareholders will retain their shares of Cliffs and their rights will continue to be governed by the Ohio General Corporation Law and Cliffs’ amended articles of incorporation and regulations.


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Q: Where do Cliffs common shares trade?
 
A: Common shares of Cliffs trade on the New York Stock Exchange, or NYSE, under the symbol “CLF.”
 
Q: When do you expect to complete the merger?
 
A: If the merger agreement is adopted at the Alpha special meeting and the merger agreement is adopted and the issuance of Cliffs common shares is approved at the Cliffs special meeting, we expect to complete the merger as soon as possible after the satisfaction of the other conditions to the merger. There may be a substantial period of time between the approval of the proposals by stockholders at the special meetings of Alpha’s stockholders and Cliffs’ shareholders and the effectiveness of the merger. We currently anticipate that, if the necessary approvals of Alpha’s stockholders and Cliffs’ shareholders are obtained, the merger will be completed prior to the end of 2008. See “The Merger Agreement — The Merger; Closing” beginning on page 96.
 
Q: Who will be the directors of Cliffs after the merger?
 
A: The directors of Cliffs immediately prior to the merger will continue as directors after the effective time of the merger. In addition, Cliffs has agreed to take all actions required to appoint two members of Alpha’s board of directors, Michael J. Quillen and Glenn A. Eisenberg, to Cliffs’ board after the merger.
 
Q: Should I send in my stock certificates now?
 
A: NO, PLEASE DO NOT SEND YOUR STOCK CERTIFICATE(S) WITH YOUR PROXY CARD(S). If the merger is completed, Cliffs will send Alpha stockholders written instructions for sending in their stock certificates or, in the case of book-entry shares, for surrendering their book-entry shares. See “The Alpha Special Meeting — Proxy Solicitations” on page 43 and “The Merger Agreement — Exchange of Shares” beginning on page 98. Cliffs shareholders will not need to send in their share certificates or surrender their book-entry shares.
 
Q: Who can answer my questions about the merger?
 
A: If you have any questions about the merger or your special meeting, need assistance in voting your shares, or need additional copies of this joint proxy statement/prospectus or the enclosed proxy card(s), you should contact:
 
If you are a Cliffs shareholder:
 
Innisfree M&A Incorporated
501 Madison Avenue, 20th Floor
New York, NY 10022
Shareholders may call toll-free: (877) 456-3507
Banks and Brokers call collect: (212) 750-5833
 
If you are an Alpha stockholder:
 
D.F. King & Co., Inc.
48 Wall Street, 22nd Floor
New York, NY 10005
Banks and Brokers call collect: (212) 269-5550
All others call toll-free: (888) 887-0082
 
Procedures
 
Q: When and where are the special meetings?
 
A: The Alpha special meeting will be held at the offices of Alpha located at One Alpha Place, Abingdon, Virginia 24212, at 11 a.m. E.T. on November 21, 2008.
 
The Cliffs special meeting will be held at The Forum Conference Center located at One Cleveland Center, 1375 East Ninth Street, Cleveland, Ohio 44114, at 11 a.m. E.T. on November 21, 2008.


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Q: Who is eligible to vote at the Alpha and Cliffs special meetings?
 
A: Owners of Alpha common stock are eligible to vote at the Alpha special meeting if they were stockholders of record at the close of business on October 10, 2008. See “The Alpha Special Meeting — Record Date; Outstanding Shares; Shares Entitled to Vote” on page 40.
 
Owners of Cliffs common shares and shares of Series A-2 preferred stock are eligible to vote at the Cliffs special meeting if they were shareholders of record at the close of business on October 6, 2008. See “The Cliffs Special Meeting — Record Date; Outstanding Shares; Shares Entitled to Vote” on page 44.
 
Q: What should I do now?
 
A: You should read this joint proxy statement/prospectus carefully, including the annexes, and return your completed, signed and dated proxy card(s) by mail in the enclosed postage-paid envelope or by submitting your proxy by telephone or over the Internet as soon as possible so that your shares will be represented and voted at your special meeting. You may vote your shares by signing, dating and mailing the enclosed proxy card(s), or by voting by telephone or over the Internet. A number of banks and brokerage firms participate in a program that also permits shareholders whose shares are held in “street name” to direct their vote by telephone or over the Internet. This option, if available, will be reflected in the voting instructions from the bank or brokerage firm that accompany this joint proxy statement/prospectus. If your shares are held in an account at a bank or brokerage firm that participates in such a program, you may direct the vote of these shares by telephone or over the Internet by following the voting instructions enclosed with the proxy form from the bank or brokerage firm. See “The Alpha Special Meeting — How to Vote” beginning on page 41 and “The Cliffs Special Meeting — How to Vote” beginning on page 46.
 
Q: If I am going to attend my special meeting, should I return my proxy card(s)?
 
A: Yes. Returning your signed and dated proxy card(s) or voting by telephone or over the Internet ensures that your shares will be represented and voted at your special meeting. See “The Alpha Special Meeting — How to Vote” beginning on page 41 and “The Cliffs Special Meeting — How to Vote” beginning on page 46.
 
Q: How will my proxy be voted?
 
A: If you complete, sign and date your proxy card(s) or vote by telephone or over the Internet, your proxy will be voted in accordance with your instructions. If you sign and date your proxy card(s) but do not indicate how you want to vote at your special meeting:
 
• for Alpha stockholders, your shares will be voted for the adoption of the merger agreement. If you vote for the adoption of the merger agreement at the Alpha special meeting, you will lose the appraisal rights to which you would otherwise be entitled. See “Summary — Appraisal Rights of Alpha Stockholders” beginning on page 11, “The Merger — Appraisal Rights of Alpha Stockholders” beginning on page 87 and “The Alpha Special Meeting — How to Vote” beginning on page 41; and
 
• for Cliffs shareholders, your shares will be voted for the adoption of the merger agreement and the issuance of Cliffs common shares. If you vote for the adoption of the merger agreement and the issuance of the Cliffs common shares at the Cliffs special meeting, you will lose the dissenters’ rights to which you would otherwise be entitled. See “Summary — Dissenters’ Rights of Cliffs Shareholders” on page 12, “The Merger — Dissenters’ Rights of Cliffs Shareholders” beginning on page 90 and “The Cliffs Special Meeting — How to Vote” beginning on page 46.


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Q: Can I change my vote after I mail my proxy card(s) or vote by telephone or over the Internet?
 
A: Yes. If you are a record holder of Alpha common stock or Cliffs common shares or shares of Series A-2 preferred stock, you can change your vote by:
 
• sending a written notice to the corporate secretary of the company in which you hold shares that is received prior to your special meeting and states that you revoke your proxy;
 
• signing and delivering a new proxy card(s) bearing a later date;
 
• voting again by telephone or over the Internet and submitting your proxy so that it is received prior to your special meeting; or
 
• attending your special meeting and voting in person, although your attendance alone will not revoke your proxy.
 
If your shares are held in a “street name” account, you must contact your broker, bank or other nominee to change your vote.
 
Q: What if my shares are held in “street name” by my broker?
 
A: If a broker holds your shares for your benefit but not in your own name, your shares are in “street name.” In that case, your broker will send you a voting instruction form to use in voting your shares. The availability of telephone and Internet voting depends on your broker’s voting procedures. Please follow the instructions on the voting instruction form they send you. If your shares are held in your broker’s name and you wish to vote in person at your special meeting, you must contact your broker and request a document called a “legal proxy.” You must bring this legal proxy to your respective special meeting in order to vote in person.
 
Q: What if I don’t provide my broker with instructions on how to vote?
 
A: Generally, a broker may only vote the shares that it holds for you in accordance with your instructions. However, if your broker has not received your instructions, your broker has the discretion to vote on certain matters that are considered routine. A “broker non-vote” occurs if your broker cannot vote on a particular matter because your broker has not received instructions from you and because the proposal is not routine. Broker non-votes could be counted in determining whether a quorum is present at the respective special meetings of Alpha stockholders and Cliffs shareholders. Nevertheless, since we do not anticipate that there will be any “routine matters” on the agenda for the respective special meetings of Alpha stockholders and Cliffs shareholders, we expect that there will be practical impediments that will prevent us from counting broker non-votes for purposes of a quorum at those special meetings.
 
Alpha Stockholders
 
If you wish to vote on the proposal to adopt the merger agreement, you must provide instructions to your broker because this proposal is not routine. If you do not provide your broker with instructions, your broker will not be authorized to vote with respect to adopting the merger agreement, and a broker non-vote will occur. This will have the same effect as a vote against the adoption of the merger agreement.
 
Cliffs Shareholders
 
If you wish to vote on the proposal to adopt the merger agreement and approve the issuance of Cliffs common shares pursuant to the merger agreement, you must provide instructions to your broker because this proposal is not routine. If you do not provide your broker with instructions, your broker will not be authorized to vote with respect to the adoption of the merger agreement and the issuance of Cliffs common shares, and a broker non-vote will occur. This will have the same effect as a vote against the adoption of the merger agreement and the issuance of Cliffs common shares.


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Q: What if I abstain from voting?
 
A: Your abstention from voting will have the following effect:
 
If you are an Alpha stockholder:
 
Abstentions will be counted in determining whether a quorum is present at the special meeting. With respect to the proposal to adopt the merger agreement, abstentions will have the same effect as a vote againstthe proposal to adopt the merger agreement. With respect to the proposal to adjourn the special meeting, if necessary, to solicit further proxies in connection with the merger agreement adoption proposal, abstentions will have the same effect as a vote against the proposal to adjourn the Alpha special meeting.
 
If you are a Cliffs shareholder:
 
Abstentions will be counted in determining whether a quorum is present at the special meeting. With respect to the proposal to adopt the merger agreement and approve the issuance of Cliffs common shares pursuant to the merger agreement, abstentions will have the same effect as a vote against the proposal to adopt the merger agreement and approve the issuance of Cliffs common shares in connection with the merger. With respect to the proposal to adjourn or postpone the special meeting, if necessary, to solicit further proxies in connection with the merger agreement adoption and share issuance proposal, abstentions will have the same effect as a vote againstthe proposal to adjourn or postpone the Cliffs special meeting, whether a quorum is present or not.
 
Q: What does it mean if I receive multiple proxy cards?
 
A: Your shares may be registered in more than one account, such as brokerage accounts and 401(k) accounts. It is important that you complete, sign, date and return each proxy card or voting instruction card you receive or vote using the telephone or the Internet as described in the instructions included with your proxy card(s) or voting instruction card(s).
 
Q: Where can I find more information about Cliffs and Alpha?
 
A: You can find more information about Cliffs and Alpha from various sources described under “Where You Can Find More Information” beginning on page 239.


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SUMMARY
 
This summary highlights selected information from this joint proxy statement/prospectus and may not contain all of the information that is important to you. You should carefully read this entire document and the other documents to which this document refers to fully understand the merger and the related transactions. See “Where You Can Find More Information” beginning on page 239. Most items in this summary include a page reference directing you to a more complete description of those items.
 
Information about Cliffs
 
Founded in 1847, Cliffs is an international mining company, the largest producer of iron ore pellets in North America and a supplier of metallurgical coal to the global steelmaking industry. Cliffs operates six iron ore mines in Michigan, Minnesota and Eastern Canada, and three coking coal mines in West Virginia and Alabama. Cliffs also owns a majority control interest in Portman Limited, or Portman, a large iron ore mining company in Australia, serving the Asian iron ore markets with direct-shipping fines and lump ore. In addition, Cliffs has a 30 percent interest in MMX Amapá Mineração Limitada, a Brazilian iron ore project, which is referred to as Amapá, and a 45 percent economic interest in the Sonoma Coal Project, an Australian coking and thermal coal project, which is referred to as Sonoma. Cliffs’ principal executive offices are located at: 1100 Superior Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44114, and its telephone number is: (216) 694-5700.
 
Information about Alpha
 
Alpha is a leading Appalachian coal supplier. Alpha produces, processes and sells steam and metallurgical coal from eight regional business units, which, as of June 30, 2008, were supported by 32 active underground mines, 26 active surface mines and 11 preparation plants located throughout Virginia, West Virginia, Kentucky, and Pennsylvania, as well as a road construction business in West Virginia and Virginia that recovers coal. Alpha also sells coal produced by others, the majority of which Alpha processes and/or blends with coal produced from its mines prior to resale, providing Alpha with a higher overall margin for the blended product than if Alpha had sold the coals separately. Alpha’s principal executive offices are located at: One Alpha Place, P.O. Box 2345, Abingdon, Virginia 24212, and its telephone number is: (276) 619-4410.
 
The Merger
 
On July 15, 2008, each of the boards of directors of Cliffs and Alpha approved the merger of merger sub, a newly formed and wholly-owned subsidiary of Cliffs, with and into Alpha, upon the terms and subject to the conditions contained in the merger agreement. Alpha will be the surviving company after the merger and will become a wholly-owned subsidiary of Cliffs. Under certain circumstances, the merger may be restructured so that merger sub will be converted from a Delaware corporation into a Delaware limited liability company, Alpha Merger Sub, LLC, and Alpha will merge with and into Alpha Merger Sub, LLC, with Alpha Merger Sub, LLC as the surviving company. The effects of the merger, if it is restructured in this way, are described in Annex G. Any such restructuring will not affect the merger consideration to be received by holders of Alpha common stock.
 
We encourage you to read the merger agreement, which governs the merger and is attached as Annex A to this joint proxy statement/prospectus, because it sets forth the terms of the merger.
 
Merger Consideration (page 82)
 
In the merger, holders of Alpha common stock (other than shares of Alpha common stock held by any dissenting Alpha stockholder that has properly exercised appraisal rights in accordance with Delaware law, held in treasury by Alpha or owned by Cliffs) will be entitled to receive for each share of Alpha common stock (which will be cancelled in the merger):
 
  •  $22.23 in cash, without interest; and
 
  •  0.95 of a fully paid, nonassessable common share of Cliffs.


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As a result, Cliffs will issue approximately 70,000,000 common shares of Cliffs and pay approximately $1.7 billion in cash in the merger, based upon the number of shares of Alpha common stock outstanding on the record date for the Alpha special meeting. We refer to the share and cash consideration to be paid to Alpha stockholders by Cliffs as the merger consideration.
 
The total value of the merger consideration that an Alpha stockholder receives in the merger may vary. The value of the cash portion of the merger consideration is fixed at $22.23 for each share of Alpha common stock. The share portion of the merger consideration is similarly fixed at 0.95 of a common share of Cliffs to be exchanged for each share of Alpha common stock, but its value may vary due to changes in the market value of Cliffs common shares.
 
No fractional common shares of Cliffs will be issued in the merger. Any holder of Alpha common stock that would otherwise be entitled to receive fractional common shares of Cliffs as a result of the exchange of Alpha common stock for Cliffs common shares will receive, in lieu of any fractional shares, an amount in cash, without interest, equal to the fractional share interest multiplied by the closing price for a common share of Cliffs as reported on the NYSE Composite Transactions Reports as of the closing date of the merger or, if such date is not a trading day, the trading day immediately preceding the closing date of the merger.
 
Financing of the Merger (page 93)
 
Cliffs will fund the cash portion of the merger consideration with cash from committed debt financing in the form of a senior unsecured term loan facility for up to $1.9 billion and cash from operations.
 
Alpha’s Reasons for the Merger (beginning on page 59)
 
In reaching its decision to approve the merger agreement and recommend the merger to its stockholders, the Alpha board of directors consulted with Alpha’s management, as well as Alpha’s legal and financial advisors, and considered a number of factors, including those listed in “The Merger — Alpha’s Reasons for the Merger and Recommendation of Alpha’s Board of Directors” beginning on page 59.
 
Cliffs’ Reasons for the Merger (beginning on page 61)
 
In reaching its decision to approve the merger agreement and the transactions contemplated by the merger agreement and to recommend that Cliffs shareholders adopt the merger agreement and approve the issuance of Cliffs common shares in connection with the merger, the Cliffs board of directors consulted with Cliffs’ management, as well as Cliffs’ legal and financial advisors, and considered a number of factors, including those listed in “The Merger — Cliffs’ Reasons for the Merger and Recommendation of Cliffs’ Board of Directors” beginning on page 61.
 
Effect of the Merger on Alpha Equity Awards (page 107)
 
In general, upon completion of the merger, options to purchase shares of Alpha common stock will be converted into options to purchase common shares of Cliffs. Cliffs has agreed to assume each of Alpha’s stock option plans at the effective time of the merger. Each unvested Alpha stock option outstanding under any Alpha stock option plan will become fully vested and exercisable in connection with the merger.
 
Restricted shares of Alpha common stock granted by Alpha to its employees and directors will become fully vested in connection with the merger and the holders thereof will be entitled to receive the merger consideration with respect to such vested shares upon completion of the merger.
 
Performance shares of Alpha common stock granted by Alpha to its employees will vest according to the terms of the applicable performance share agreement, and the holder of each performance share agreement will be entitled to receive an amount in cash equal to the product of (i) the sum of (A) $22.23 plus (B) the product of 0.95 multiplied by the closing price for a common share of Cliffs as reported on the NYSE Composite Transactions Reports on the closing date of the merger or, if such date is not a trading day, the trading day immediately preceding the closing date of the merger, multiplied by (ii) the number of shares of Alpha common stock that would be issuable under such performance share agreement.


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For a full description of the treatment of Alpha equity awards, see “The Merger Agreement — Covenants and Agreements — Effect of the Merger on Alpha Equity Awards” on page 107.
 
Recommendations of the Boards of Directors to Alpha Stockholders and Cliffs Shareholders
 
Alpha Stockholders.  The Alpha board of directors believes that the merger agreement and the transactions contemplated by the merger agreement, including the merger, are advisable and fair to, and in the best interests of, Alpha and its stockholders and has approved the merger agreement and the transactions contemplated by the merger agreement, including the merger. The Alpha board of directors has resolved to recommend that Alpha stockholders vote for the adoption of the merger agreement.
 
Cliffs Shareholders.  The Cliffs board of directors believes that the merger agreement and the transactions contemplated by the merger agreement, including the merger, are advisable and fair to, and in the best interests of, Cliffs and its shareholders and has approved the merger agreement and the transactions contemplated by the merger agreement, including the merger. The Cliffs board of directors has resolved to recommend that Cliffs shareholders vote for the adoption of the merger agreement and the approval of the issuance of Cliffs common shares pursuant to the merger agreement.
 
Opinions of Financial Advisors (beginning on page 64 for Alpha’s financial advisor and page 75 for Cliffs’ financial advisor)
 
Opinion of Alpha’s Financial Advisor.  In deciding to approve the merger agreement, the Alpha board of directors considered the oral opinion of Citigroup Global Markets Inc., which is referred to as Citi, financial advisor to the Alpha board of directors, delivered on July 15, 2008, which was subsequently confirmed in writing on the same date, to the effect that, as of the date of the opinion and based upon and subject to the considerations and limitations set forth in the opinion, its work described below and other factors it deemed relevant, the merger consideration was fair, from a financial point of view, to the holders of Alpha common stock. The full text of Citi’s opinion, which sets forth the assumptions made, general procedures followed, matters considered and limits on the review undertaken, is included as Annex B to this joint proxy statement/prospectus. Holders of Alpha common stock are urged to read the Citi opinion carefully and in its entirety, as well as the information set forth under “Risk Factors” beginning on page 27. Citi provided its opinion for the information and assistance of the Alpha board of directors in connection with its consideration of the merger. Neither Citi’s opinion nor the related analyses constituted a recommendation of the proposed merger to the Alpha board of directors. Citi makes no recommendation to any stockholder regarding how such stockholder should vote with respect to the merger. For its services to date, Citi has been paid a customary fee, and will be entitled to receive a transaction fee upon the completion of the merger. In addition, in the event that the merger is not completed and Alpha receives termination or break-up fees, Citi will be entitled to a portion of such fees.
 
Opinion of Cliffs’ Financial Advisor.  In connection with the merger, the Cliffs board of directors retained J.P. Morgan Securities Inc., which is referred to as J.P. Morgan, as its financial advisor. In deciding to approve the merger, the Cliffs board of directors considered the oral opinion of J.P. Morgan provided to the Cliffs board of directors on July 15, 2008, subsequently confirmed in writing on the same date, that, as of the date of the opinion and based upon and subject to the various factors and assumptions set forth in the written opinion, the consideration to be paid by Cliffs to Alpha stockholders in the proposed merger was fair, from a financial point of view, to Cliffs. The full text of J.P. Morgan’s written opinion, dated July 15, 2008, is attached to this joint proxy statement/prospectus as Annex C. Cliffs shareholders are urged to read the J.P. Morgan opinion carefully in its entirety for a description of, among other things, the assumptions made, general procedures followed, matters considered and limitations on the scope of the review undertaken by J.P. Morgan in conducting its financial analysis and rendering its opinion. J.P. Morgan’s opinion is addressed to the Cliffs board of directors and is one of many factors considered by the Cliffs board of directors in deciding to approve the transactions contemplated by the merger agreement. J.P. Morgan provided its opinion for the information and assistance of the Cliffs board of directors in connection with its consideration of the merger, and the opinion does not constitute a recommendation to any holder of Alpha common stock or Cliffs common shares as to how that holder should vote or act on any matter relating to the merger. For its services, J.P. Morgan will be entitled to receive a transaction fee, the principal portion of which is payable upon the completion of the merger. In addition, in the event Alpha pays a break-up fee or other payment to Cliffs


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following or in connection with the termination, abandonment or failure to consummate the merger, J.P. Morgan will be entitled to a portion of such fee or other payment.
 
Record Date; Outstanding Shares; Shares Entitled to Vote (page 40 for Alpha and page 44 for Cliffs)
 
Alpha Stockholders.  The record date for the meeting of Alpha stockholders is October 10, 2008. This means that you must have been a stockholder of record of Alpha’s common stock at the close of business on October 10, 2008, in order to vote at the special meeting. You are entitled to one vote for each share of common stock you own. On Alpha’s record date, there were 70,495,814 shares of common stock (no shares of treasury stock) outstanding and entitled to vote at the special meeting.
 
Cliffs Shareholders.  The record date for the meeting of Cliffs shareholders is October 6, 2008. This means that you must have been a shareholder of record of Cliffs’ common shares or Series A-2 preferred stock at the close of business on October 6, 2008, in order to vote at the special meeting. You are entitled to one vote for each common share or share of Series A-2 preferred stock you own. On Cliffs’ record date, Cliffs’ voting securities carried 113,502,668 votes, which consisted of 113,502,463 common shares (excluding 21,121,065 shares of treasury stock) and 205 shares of Series A-2 preferred stock.
 
Stock Ownership of Directors and Executive Officers (page 82 for Alpha and Cliffs)
 
Alpha.  At the close of business on the record date for the Alpha special meeting, directors and executive officers of Alpha beneficially owned and were entitled to vote approximately 651,036 shares of Alpha common stock, collectively representing 0.92% of the shares of Alpha common stock outstanding on that date.
 
Cliffs.  At the close of business on the record date for the Cliffs special meeting, directors and executive officers of Cliffs beneficially owned and were entitled to vote approximately 1,574,181 common shares of Cliffs, collectively representing approximately 1.39% of the common shares of Cliffs outstanding on that date. Directors and executive officers of Cliffs did not hold any shares of Series A-2 preferred stock as of the close of business on the record date.
 
Ownership of the Combined Company After the Merger (beginning on page 82)
 
Based on the number of common shares of Cliffs and shares of Alpha common stock outstanding on their respective record dates, and assuming that Cliffs will issue approximately 70,000,000 common shares of Cliffs in the merger, after the merger, former Alpha stockholders are expected to own approximately 37% of the then-outstanding common shares of Cliffs.
 
Interests of Alpha Directors and Executive Officers in the Merger (beginning on page 83)
 
Alpha’s executive officers and members of the Alpha board of directors, in their capacities as such, may have financial interests in the merger that are in addition to or different from their interests as stockholders of Alpha generally. Alpha’s board of directors was aware of these interests and considered them, among other matters, in approving the merger agreement and the transactions contemplated thereby.
 
Listing of Cliffs Common Shares and Delisting of Alpha Common Stock (page 86)
 
Application will be made to have the common shares of Cliffs issued in the merger approved for listing on the NYSE, where Cliffs common shares currently are traded under the symbol “CLF.” If the merger is completed, Alpha common stock will no longer be listed on the NYSE and will be deregistered under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, which is referred to as the Exchange Act, and Alpha may no longer file periodic reports with the SEC.
 
Appraisal Rights of Alpha Stockholders (beginning on page 87)
 
Holders of Alpha common stock who do not wish to accept the consideration payable pursuant to the merger may seek, under Section 262 of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware, which we refer to as the DGCL, judicial appraisal of the fair value of their shares by the Delaware Court of Chancery. This value could be


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more than, less than or the same as the merger consideration for the Alpha common stock. Failure to strictly comply with all the procedures required by Section 262 of the DGCL will result in a loss of the right to appraisal.
 
Merely voting against adoption of the merger agreement will not preserve the right of Alpha stockholders to appraisal under Delaware law. Also, because a submitted proxy not marked “against” or “abstain” will be voted “for” the proposal to adopt the merger agreement, the submission of a proxy not marked “against” or “abstain” will result in the waiver of appraisal rights. Alpha stockholders who hold shares in the name of a broker or other nominee must instruct their nominee to take the steps necessary to enable them to demand appraisal for their shares.
 
Annex D to this joint proxy statement/prospectus contains the full text of Section 262 of the DGCL, which relates to the rights of appraisal. We encourage you to read these provisions carefully and in their entirety.
 
Dissenters’ Rights of Cliffs Shareholders (beginning on page 90)
 
Cliffs shareholders who (1) are record holders of the Cliffs shares as of the record date; (2) do not vote to adopt the merger agreement and approve the issuance of Cliffs common shares in the merger, and (3) deliver a written demand for payment of the fair cash value of their Cliffs shares not later than ten days after the Cliffs special meeting, will be entitled, if and when the merger is completed, to receive the fair cash value of their Cliffs shares. The right as a Cliffs shareholder to receive the fair cash value of Cliffs shares, however, is contingent upon strict compliance by the dissenting Cliffs shareholder with the procedures set forth in Section 1701.85 of the Ohio General Corporation Law. If you wish to submit a written demand for payment of the fair cash value of your Cliffs shares, you should deliver your demand no later than December 1, 2008.
 
Annex E to this joint proxy statement/prospectus contains the full text of Section 1701.85 of the Ohio General Corporation Law, which relates to the dissenters’ rights of Cliffs shareholders. We encourage you to read these provisions carefully and in their entirety.
 
Conditions to Completion of the Merger (page 92)
 
Completion of the merger depends on a number of conditions being satisfied or waived. These conditions include the following:
 
  •  adoption of the merger agreement by the Alpha stockholders at the Alpha special meeting;
 
  •  adoption of the merger agreement and approval of the issuance of Cliffs common shares pursuant to the terms of the merger agreement by the Cliffs shareholders at the Cliffs special meeting;
 
  •  the waiting period (including any extension thereof) applicable to the consummation of the merger under the Hart-Scott-Rodino Act, which is referred to as the HSR Act, must have expired or been terminated, and antitrust clearance in Turkey must have been obtained;
 
  •  making or obtaining consents, approvals, and actions of, filings with and notices to, the governmental entities required to consummate the merger and the other transactions contemplated by the merger agreement, the failure of which to be made or obtained is reasonably expected to have or result in a material adverse effect on Cliffs or Alpha;
 
  •  absence of any order or law of any governmental authority preventing the consummation of the merger;
 
  •  approval for listing on the NYSE, upon official notice of issuance, of Cliffs common shares to be issued in connection with the merger;
 
  •  continued effectiveness of the registration statement of which this joint proxy statement/prospectus is a part and the absence of any stop order or proceeding seeking a stop order by the SEC suspending the effectiveness of the registration statement;
 
  •  accuracy of each party’s representations and warranties in the merger agreement, except as would not reasonably be expected to have or result in a material adverse effect on the party making the representations;


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  •  performance in all material respects of each party’s covenants set forth in the merger agreement required to be performed by it at or prior to the closing date of the merger; and
 
  •  delivery by both parties of customary officer’s certificates and tax opinions.
 
Antitrust Clearances (page 92)
 
The completion of the merger is subject to compliance with the HSR Act. The notifications required under the HSR Act to the U.S. Federal Trade Commission, which is referred to as the FTC, and the Antitrust Division of the U.S. Department of Justice, which is referred to as the Antitrust Division, were filed on July 25, 2008. On August 22, 2008, the FTC granted an early termination of the waiting period under the HSR Act without the imposition of any conditions or restrictions on the consummation of the merger.
 
In addition, Cliffs and Alpha were required to submit a pre-merger notification in Turkey and obtain antitrust clearance from the Turkish Competition Authority. The pre-merger notification in Turkey was submitted on August 19, 2008, and the antitrust clearance was granted by the Turkish Competition Authority effective as of September 11, 2008.
 
Termination of the Merger Agreement (beginning on page 110)
 
Cliffs and Alpha may agree in writing to terminate the merger agreement at any time without completing the merger, even after the Alpha stockholders have approved the adoption of the merger agreement and the Cliffs shareholders have adopted the merger agreement and approved the issuance of Cliffs common shares in connection with the merger.
 
The merger agreement may also be terminated at any time before the effective time of the merger under the following circumstances, among others:
 
  •  by either Cliffs or Alpha if:
 
  •  the merger is not consummated by January 15, 2009, which date can be extended under certain circumstances to April 15, 2009 (we refer to such date, as possibly extended, as the outside date), unless the failure to consummate the merger by the outside date is the result of a breach of the merger agreement by the party seeking the termination or if such party has not yet held its special meeting of shareholders;
 
  •  the shareholders of Cliffs have voted and failed to adopt the merger agreement and approve the issuance of common shares of Cliffs pursuant to the merger agreement;
 
  •  the Alpha stockholders have voted and failed to adopt the merger agreement; or
 
  •  the other party breaches its representations or warranties or breaches or fails to perform its covenants set forth in the merger agreement, which breach or failure to perform results in a failure of certain of the conditions to the completion of the merger being satisfied and such breach or failure to perform is not cured within 30 days after the receipt of written notice thereof or is incapable of being cured by the outside date; or
 
  •  by Alpha if:
 
  •  prior to the receipt of its stockholders’ approval of the proposal to adopt the merger agreement, Alpha (i) receives an unsolicited written proposal after the date of the merger agreement concerning a business combination or acquisition of Alpha that the Alpha board of directors determines in its good faith judgment constitutes, or would reasonably be expected to lead to, a proposal that is more favorable to the Alpha stockholders than the transactions contemplated by the merger agreement, (ii) the Alpha board of directors determines in good faith that failure to take such action would be reasonably likely to be a violation of its fiduciary duties to Alpha stockholders under applicable Delaware law, (iii) provides Cliffs with a written notice that it intends to take such action, (iv) satisfies the conditions for withdrawing (or modifying in a manner adverse to Cliffs) the recommendation by its board of directors of the merger or recommending such superior proposal, and (v) concurrently with the termination of the merger


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  agreement, enters into an acquisition agreement with a third party providing for the implementation of the transactions contemplated by such superior proposal; provided that Alpha pays a $350 million termination fee to Cliffs and such superior proposal did not result from Alpha’s breach of its non-solicitation obligations under the merger agreement;
 
  •  Cliffs materially breaches its covenants to convene the Cliffs special meeting or breaches its obligations to recommend that the Cliffs shareholders vote in favor of the adoption of the merger agreement and the issuance of common shares in connection with the merger; or
 
  •  the Cliffs board of directors or any committee thereof (i) withdraws or modifies, or publicly proposes to withdraw or modify, its recommendation that Cliffs’ shareholders adopt the merger agreement and approve the issuance of Cliffs common shares in connection with the merger, or (ii) recommends, adopts or approves, or proposes publicly to recommend, adopt or approve certain transactions involving Cliffs; or
 
  •  by Cliffs if:
 
  •  Alpha materially breaches its obligations not to solicit alternative takeover proposals or materially breaches its covenants to convene the Alpha special meeting or breaches its obligations to recommend that the Alpha stockholders vote in favor of the adoption of the merger agreement; or
 
  •  the Alpha board of directors or any committee thereof (i) withdraws or adversely modifies or publicly proposes to withdraw or adversely modify, its recommendation of the merger agreement and the transactions contemplated by the merger agreement, including the merger, or (ii) recommends, adopts or approves, or proposes publicly to recommend, adopt or approve a takeover proposal other than the merger agreement.
 
Termination Fees (beginning on page 112)
 
In connection with the termination of the merger agreement in certain circumstances involving a takeover proposal by a third party for Alpha, a change of the Alpha board of directors’ recommendation to the Alpha stockholders in favor of the adoption of the merger agreement, or certain breaches of the merger agreement by Alpha, Alpha will be required to pay Cliffs a termination fee of $350 million. Similarly, in connection with the termination of the merger agreement in certain circumstances involving certain alternative transactions for Cliffs, a change of the Cliffs board of directors’ recommendation to the Cliffs shareholders in favor of the adoption of the merger agreement and the approval of the issuance of Cliffs common shares in connection with the merger, or certain breaches of the merger agreement by Cliffs, Cliffs will be required to pay Alpha a termination fee of $350 million.
 
Furthermore, each party will have to pay a termination fee of $100 million to the other party if its stockholders or shareholders, as applicable, voting at their respective special meetings, fail to approve the adoption of the merger agreement (in the case of Alpha) or the adoption of the merger agreement and the approval of the issuance of common shares of Cliffs in connection with the merger (in the case of Cliffs), but no such fee will be payable by such party if the shareholders of both parties, voting at their respective special meetings, fail to make such approvals.
 
Material United States Federal Income Tax Consequences (beginning on page 93)
 
Cliffs and Alpha intend for the merger to qualify as a reorganization within the meaning of Section 368(a) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code. If the merger qualifies as a reorganization, the U.S. federal income tax consequences to Alpha stockholders generally will be as follows: Alpha stockholders will generally recognize gain only to the extent of the cash consideration that they receive, and will not recognize any loss.
 
Tax matters are complicated, and the tax consequences of the merger to each Alpha stockholder will depend on the facts of each shareholder’s situation. Alpha stockholders are urged to read carefully the discussion in the section titled “Material United States Federal Income Tax Consequences” beginning on page 93 and to consult their own tax advisors for a full understanding of the tax consequences of their participation in the merger.


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Accounting Treatment (page 93)
 
The merger will be accounted for as a business combination using the “purchase” method of accounting. Cliffs will be the acquirer for financial accounting purposes.
 
Risks
 
In evaluating the merger, the merger agreement or the issuance of Cliffs common shares in the merger, you should carefully read this joint proxy statement/prospectus and especially consider the factors discussed in the section titled “Risk Factors” beginning on page 27.
 
Comparison of Rights of Shareholders (beginning on page 217)
 
As a result of the merger, the holders of Alpha common stock will become holders of Cliffs common shares and their rights will be governed by the Ohio General Corporation Law and by Cliffs’ amended articles of incorporation and regulations. Following the merger, Alpha stockholders will have different rights as shareholders of Cliffs than as stockholders of Alpha.
 
Some of the material differences in the rights of Alpha stockholders and Cliffs shareholders include, but are not limited to, the following:
 
  •  subject to certain exceptions, amendments to Alpha’s certificate of incorporation require approval by Alpha’s board of directors and holders of a majority of the voting power of the corporation (or, in cases in which class voting is required, by holders of a majority of the voting power of such class), while amendments to the Cliffs’ articles of incorporation require approval by holders of two-thirds of the voting power of the corporation (or, in cases in which class voting is required, by holders of two-thirds of the voting power of such class);
 
  •  the Alpha bylaws may be amended and repealed by the Alpha board of directors, while the Cliffs board of directors does not have the power to amend or repeal the Cliffs regulations;
 
  •  while the Alpha stockholders do not have the right to vote cumulatively in the election of Alpha’s directors, the Cliffs shareholders, in contrast, may vote cumulatively in the election of Cliffs’ directors; and
 
  •  while any action by Alpha stockholders without a meeting requires written consent of holders of not less than the minimum number of votes otherwise required to authorize or take such action at a meeting of the Alpha stockholders, generally, the Cliffs shareholders may take action without a meeting only by unanimous written consent of all shareholders entitled to vote at such meeting.
 
The foregoing list is not intended to be exhaustive, but, rather serves as an illustration of some of the material differences in the rights of Alpha stockholders and Cliffs shareholders. For further discussion of the material differences between the rights of Alpha stockholders and Cliffs shareholders, please see “Comparison of Rights of Shareholders” beginning on page 217.


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FINANCIAL SUMMARY
 
Cliffs Market Price Data and Dividends
 
Cliffs common shares are traded on the NYSE under the symbol “CLF.” The following table shows the high and low sales prices at any time during the period indicated for Cliffs common shares as reported on the NYSE. For current price information, you are urged to consult publicly available sources.
 
On May 9, 2006, the board of directors of Cliffs approved a two-for-one stock split of its common shares. The record date for the stock split was June 15, 2006 with a distribution date of June 30, 2006. On March 11, 2008, the board of directors of Cliffs declared a two-for-one stock split of its common shares. The record date for the stock split was May 1, 2008 with a distribution date of May 15, 2008. Accordingly, unless indicated otherwise, all Cliffs common share and per share amounts in this joint proxy statement/prospectus that relate to dates prior to the stock splits have been adjusted retroactively to reflect the stock splits.
 
                         
    Price Range of Common shares        
Fiscal Year Ended
  High     Low     Dividends Paid  
 
December 31, 2006:
                       
First Quarter
  $ 27.59     $ 20.13     $ 0.05  
Second Quarter
    25.22       15.70       0.0625  
Third Quarter
    20.05       16.58       0.0625  
Fourth Quarter
    24.74       18.42       0.0625  
December 31, 2007:
                       
First Quarter
    32.42       23.00       0.0625  
Second Quarter
    46.03       32.10       0.0625  
Third Quarter
    45.00       28.20       0.0625  
Fourth Quarter
    53.15       36.75       0.0625  
December 31, 2008:
                       
First Quarter
    63.89       38.63       0.0875  
Second Quarter
    121.95       57.32       0.0875  
Third Quarter
    118.10       42.16       0.0875  
Fourth Quarter (through October 21, 2008)
    53.30       22.39        
 
In addition, on September 9, 2008, Cliffs declared a regular quarterly cash dividend of $0.0875 per Cliffs common share that will be payable on December 1, 2008 to Cliffs shareholders of record as of the close of business on November 14, 2008.
 
The last reported sales prices of Cliffs common shares on the NYSE on July 15, 2008 and October 21, 2008 were $111.46 and $34.42, respectively. July 15, 2008 was the last full trading day prior to the public announcement of the merger. October 21, 2008 was the last full trading day for which this information could be calculated prior to the date of this joint proxy statement/prospectus.
 
The Cliffs board of directors has the power to determine the amount and frequency of the payment of dividends. Decisions regarding whether or not to pay dividends and the amount of any dividends are based on compliance with the Ohio General Corporation Law, compliance with agreements governing Cliffs’ indebtedness, earnings, cash requirements, results of operations, cash flows, financial condition and other factors that the board of directors considers important. While Cliffs intends to maintain dividends at this level for the foreseeable future, it cannot assure that it will continue to pay dividends at this level, or at all.
 
Under the merger agreement, Cliffs has agreed that, until the effective time of the merger, it will not declare, set aside or pay any dividends on, or make any other distributions in respect of, any of its capital stock, other than regular quarterly cash dividends with respect to Cliffs common shares not in excess of $0.25 per share and Series A-2 preferred stock in accordance with the terms thereof.


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Alpha Market Price Data and Dividends
 
Alpha common stock is traded on the NYSE under the symbol “ANR.” The following table shows the high and low sales prices at any time during the period indicated for Alpha common stock on the NYSE. For current price information, you are urged to consult publicly available sources.
 
                 
    Price Range of Common Stock  
Fiscal Year Ended
  High     Low  
 
December 31, 2006:
               
First Quarter
  $ 23.60     $ 19.25  
Second Quarter
    27.46       17.88  
Third Quarter
    20.18       14.41  
Fourth Quarter
    17.07       14.09  
December 31, 2007:
               
First Quarter
    15.85       12.32  
Second Quarter
    21.07       15.43  
Third Quarter
    23.50       15.92  
Fourth Quarter
    35.20       22.78  
December 31, 2008:
               
First Quarter
    44.58       21.92  
Second Quarter
    108.73       40.05  
Third Quarter
    119.30       42.68  
Fourth Quarter (through October 21, 2008)
    50.69       28.05  
 
The last reported sales prices Alpha common stock on the NYSE on July 15, 2008, and October 21, 2008 were $94.92 and $40.47, respectively. July 15, 2008 was the last full trading day prior to the public announcement of the merger. October 21, 2008 was the last full trading day for which this information could be calculated prior to the date of this joint proxy statement/prospectus.
 
The Alpha board of directors has the power to determine the amount and frequency of the payment of dividends. Decisions regarding whether or not to pay dividends and the amount of any dividends are based on compliance with the DGCL, compliance with agreements governing Alpha’s indebtedness, earnings, cash requirements, results of operations, cash flows, financial condition and other factors that the board of directors considers important. Alpha does not currently pay dividends. While Alpha anticipates that if the merger were not consummated it would continue not to pay dividends, it cannot assure that is the case. Under the merger agreement, until the closing of the merger Alpha is not permitted to declare, set aside or pay any dividends on, or make any other distributions in respect of, any of its capital stock.


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Selected Historical Consolidated Financial Data of Cliffs
 
The following table shows selected historical financial data for Cliffs. The selected financial data as of December 31, 2007, 2006, 2005, 2004, and 2003 and for each of the five years then ended were derived from the audited historical consolidated financial statements and related footnotes of Cliffs. The data as of and for the six months ended June 30, 2008 and 2007 were derived from Cliffs’ unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements. In the opinion of management, the unaudited financial information as of and for the six months ended June 30, 2008 and 2007 includes all adjustments, consisting of normal and recurring adjustments, necessary to present fairly the data for such periods. The operating results for the six months ended June 30, 2008 are not necessarily indicative of results for the full year ending December 31, 2008.
 
Detailed historical financial information is included in the audited consolidated statements of financial position as of December 31, 2007 and 2006, and the related consolidated statements of operations, shareholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2007 and the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of financial position as of June 30, 2008 and the related unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations and cash flows for the six-month periods ended June 30, 2008 and 2007 included elsewhere in this joint proxy statement/prospectus. You should read the following selected financial data together with Cliffs’ historical consolidated financial statements, including the related notes.
 
                                                         
    Six Months Ended June 30,     Year Ended December 31,  
    2008(b)     2007     2007(a)     2006     2005(b)     2004     2003  
    (In millions, except per share data)  
 
Financial Data:
                                                       
Revenue from product sales and services
  $ 1,503.1     $ 873.1     $ 2,275.2     $ 1,921.7     $ 1,739.5     $ 1,203.1     $ 825.1  
Cost of goods sold and operating expenses
    (994.3 )     (681.7 )     (1,813.2 )     (1,507.7 )     (1,350.5 )     (1,053.6 )     (835.0 )
Other operating income (expense)
    (56.6 )     (30.6 )     (80.4 )     (48.3 )     (32.5 )     (31.9 )     (38.4 )
                                                         
Operating income (loss)
    452.2       160.8       381.6       365.7       356.5       117.6       (48.3 )
Income (loss) from continuing operations
    287.2       119.4       269.8       279.8       273.2       320.2       (34.9 )
Income (loss) from discontinued operations
                0.2       0.3       (0.8 )     3.4        
                                                         
Income (loss) before extraordinary gain and cumulative effect of accounting change
    287.2       119.4       270.0       280.1       272.4       323.6       (34.9 )
Extraordinary gain(g)
                                        2.2  
Cumulative effect of accounting changes(c)
                            5.2              
                                                         
Net income (loss)
    287.2       119.4       270.0       280.1       277.6       323.6       (32.7 )
Preferred stock dividends
    (1.3 )     (2.8 )     (5.2 )     (5.6 )     (5.6 )     (5.3 )      
                                                         
Income (loss) applicable to common shares
    285.9       116.6       264.8       274.5       272.0       318.3       (32.7 )
Earnings (loss) per common share — basic(d)(e)(f) Continuing operations
    3.04       1.43       3.19       3.26       3.08       3.70       (.43 )
Discontinued operations
                            (.01 )     .04        
Cumulative effect of accounting changes and extraordinary gain
                            .06             .03  
                                                         
Earnings (loss) per common share
    3.04       1.43       3.19       3.26       3.13       3.74       (.40 )
Earnings (loss) per common share — diluted(d)(e)(f) Continuing operations
    2.73       1.14       2.57       2.60       2.46       2.92       (.43 )
Discontinued operations
                            (.01 )     .03        
Cumulative effect of accounting changes and extraordinary gain
                            .05             .03  
                                                         
Earnings (loss) per common share — diluted(d)(e)(f)
    2.73       1.14       2.57       2.60       2.50       2.95       (.40 )
Total assets
  $ 4,046.9     $ 2,221.0     $ 3,075.8     $ 1,939.7     $ 1,746.7     $ 1,232.3     $ 881.6  
Debt obligations effectively serviced
    774.8       158.6       505.8       47.2       49.6       9.1       34.6  
Net cash from (used by) operating activities
    82.9       (37.7 )     288.9       428.5       514.6       (141.4 )     42.7  
Series A-2 preferred stock
    19.6       172.3       134.7       172.3       172.5       172.5        
Distributions to preferred shareholders cash dividends
    1.3       2.8       5.5       5.6       5.6       5.3        
Distributions to common shareholders cash dividends
                                                       
— Per share(d)(e)(f)
    .18       .13       .25       .24       .15       .03        
— Total
    16.9       10.2       20.9       20.2       13.1       2.2        
Repurchases of common shares
          2.2       2.2       121.5             6.5        


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    Six Months Ended June 30,     Year Ended December 31,  
    2008(b)     2007     2007(a)     2006     2005(b)     2004     2003  
    (In millions, except per share data)  
 
Iron ore and coal production and sales statistics (tons in millions — North America; tonnes in millions — Asia-Pacific)
                                                       
Production tonnage — North American iron ore
    18.0       16.9       34.6       33.6       35.9       34.4       30.3  
  — North American coal
    1.7             1.1                          
  — Asia-Pacific iron ore
    4.0       4.2       8.4       7.7       5.2              
Production tonnage — North American iron ore
(Cliffs share)
    11.5       10.8       21.8       20.8       22.1       21.7       18.1  
Sales tonnage — North American iron ore
    8.2       7.9       22.3       20.4       22.3       22.6       19.2  
  — North American coal
    1.6             1.2                          
  — Asia-Pacific iron ore
    3.9       4.1       8.1       7.4       4.9              
Common shares outstanding (millions)(d)(e)(f)
                                                       
— Average for period
    94.0       81.4       83.0       84.1       86.9       85.2       82.0  
— At period end
    102.6       82.0       87.2       81.8       87.6       86.4       84.0  
 
 
(a) On July 31, 2007, Cliffs completed the acquisition of Cliffs North American Coal LLC (formerly PinnOak), a producer of high-quality, low-volatile metallurgical coal. Results for 2007 include PinnOak’s results since the acquisition.
 
(b) On April 19, 2005, Cliffs completed the acquisition of 80.4 percent of Portman, an iron ore mining company in Australia. The acquisition was initiated on March 31, 2005 by the purchase of approximately 68.7 percent of Portman’s outstanding shares. Results for 2005 include Portman’s results since the acquisition. On May 21, 2008, Portman authorized a tender offer to repurchase up to 16.5 million shares, or 9.39 percent of its common stock, and as a result of the repurchase of shares pursuant to the tender offer, Cliffs’ ownership interest in Portman increased from 80.4 percent to 85.2 percent on June 24, 2008. See “Information about Cliffs — Business — Strategic Transformation” on page 115.
 
(c) Effective January 1, 2005, Cliffs adopted Emerging Issues Task Force, or EITF, 04-6, “Accounting for Stripping Costs Incurred during Production in the Mining Industry”.
 
(d) On March 11, 2008, the Cliffs board of directors declared a two-for-one stock split of Cliffs common shares. The record date for the stock split was May 1, 2008 with a distribution date of May 15, 2008. Accordingly, all common shares and per share amounts for all periods presented have been adjusted retroactively to reflect the stock split.
 
(e) On May 9, 2006, the board of directors of Cliffs approved a two-for-one stock split of its common shares. The record date for the stock split was June 15, 2006 with a distribution date of June 30, 2006. Accordingly, all common shares and per share amounts for all periods presented have been adjusted retroactively to reflect the stock split.
 
(f) On November 9, 2004, the board of directors of Cliffs approved a two-for-one stock split of its common shares. The record date for the stock split was December 15, 2004, with a distribution date of December 31, 2004. Accordingly, all common shares and per share amounts for all periods presented have been adjusted retroactively to reflect the stock split.
 
(g) In 2003, Cliffs recognized a $2.2 million extraordinary gain in conjunction with the acquisition of the assets of Eveleth Mines; $3.3 million acquisition and startup costs for this same mine, renamed United Taconite LLC, which is referred to as United Taconite, and $8.7 million of restructuring charges related to a salaried employee reduction program.

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Selected Historical Consolidated Financial Data of Alpha
 
The following table shows selected historical financial and other data for Alpha. The selected financial data as of December 31, 2007, 2006, and 2005, and for the years then ended has been derived from the audited consolidated financial statements and related footnotes of Alpha. The selected historical financial data as of December 31, 2004 and for the year then ended has been derived from the combined financial statements of ANR Fund IX Holdings, L.P. and Alpha NR Holding, Inc. and subsidiaries (the owners of a majority of the membership interests of ANR Holdings, LLC prior to the February 11, 2005 restructuring) and the related notes, which are not included or incorporated by reference in this joint proxy statement/prospectus. The selected historical financial data as of December 31, 2003 and for the year then ended has been derived from the audited combined balance sheet of ANR Fund IX Holdings, L.P. and Alpha NR Holding, Inc. and subsidiaries, which are not included or incorporated by reference in this joint proxy statement/prospectus. The data as of and for the six months ended June 30, 2008 and 2007 has been derived from Alpha’s unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included in Alpha’s quarterly report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2008 incorporated by reference in this joint proxy statement/prospectus and, in the opinion of Alpha’s management, includes all adjustments, consisting of normal and recurring adjustments, necessary to present fairly the data for such periods. The operating results for the six months ended June 30, 2008 are not necessarily indicative of results for the full year ending December 31, 2008.
 
Detailed historical financial information included in the audited consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2007 and 2006, and the related consolidated statements of income, stockholders’ equity and partners’ capital and comprehensive income, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2007, are included in Alpha’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2007 and incorporated by reference in this joint proxy statement/prospectus. You should read the following selected financial data together with Alpha’s historical consolidated financial statements, including the related notes, and the other information contained or incorporated by reference in this joint proxy statement/prospectus. See “Where You Can Find More Information” beginning on page 239.
 
Prior period coal revenues and cost of coal sales have been reclassified to exclude changes in the fair value of coal and diesel fuel derivatives contracts to conform to current year presentation. These reclassification adjustments had no effect on previously reported income from operations or net income.
 
                                                         
                      ANR Fund IX Holdings,
 
                      L.P. and Alpha NR
 
                Alpha Natural Resources, Inc.
    Holding, Inc. and
 
                and Subsidiaries     Subsidiaries  
    Six Months Ended June 30,     Year Ended December 31,  
    2008     2007     2007     2006     2005     2004     2003  
    (In thousands, except per share and per ton data)  
 
Statement of Operations Data:
                                                       
Revenues:
                                                       
Coal revenues
  $ 1,077,555     $ 767,362     $ 1,647,505     $ 1,681,434     $ 1,413,174     $ 1,079,981     $ 694,596  
Freight and handling revenues
    145,187       84,799       205,086       188,366       185,555       141,100       73,800  
Other revenues
    26,385       13,778       33,241       34,743       27,926       28,347       13,453  
                                                         
Total revenues
    1,249,127       865,939       1,885,832       1,904,543       1,626,655       1,249,428       781,849  
                                                         
Costs and expenses:
                                                       
Cost of coal sales (exclusive of items shown separately)
    824,635       635,204       1,371,519       1,346,733       1,184,092       920,359       626,265  
Increase in fair value of derivative instruments, net
    (23,200 )     (840 )     (8,926 )     (402 )                  
Freight and handling costs
    145,187       84,799       205,086       188,366       185,555       141,100       73,800  
Cost of other revenues
    23,125       10,396       25,817       22,982       23,675       22,994       12,488  
Depreciation and amortization
    89,170       73,644       159,579       140,851       73,122       55,261       35,385  
Selling, general and administrative expense (exclusive of depreciation and amortization shown separately above)
    36,086       27,221       58,605       67,952       88,132       40,607       21,926  
                                                         
Total costs and expenses
    1,095,003       830,424       1,811,680       1,766,482       1,554,576       1,180,321       769,864  
                                                         
Income from operations
    154,124       35,515       74,152       138,061       72,079       69,107       11,985  
                                                         


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                      ANR Fund IX Holdings,
 
                      L.P. and Alpha NR
 
                Alpha Natural Resources, Inc.
    Holding, Inc. and
 
                and Subsidiaries     Subsidiaries  
    Six Months Ended June 30,     Year Ended December 31,  
    2008     2007     2007     2006     2005     2004     2003  
    (In thousands, except per share and per ton data)  
 
Other income (expense):
                                                       
Interest expense
    (27,184 )     (20,023 )     (40,215 )     (41,774 )     (29,937 )     (20,041 )     (7,848 )
Interest income
    3,023       1,094       2,340       839       1,064       531       103  
Loss on early extinguishment of debt
    (14,669 )                                    
                                                         
Miscellaneous income (expense)
    2       554       (93 )     523       91       722       574  
                                                         
Total other income (expense), net
    (38,828 )     (18,375 )     (37,968 )     (40,412 )     (28,782 )     (18,788 )     (7,171 )
                                                         
Income from continuing operations before income taxes and minority interest
    115,296       17,140       36,184       97,649       43,297       50,319       4,814  
Income tax expense (benefit)
    15,630       4,131       8,629       (30,519 )     18,953       5,150       898  
Minority interest
    (201 )     (87 )     (179 )           2,918       22,781       1,164  
                                                         
Income from continuing operations
    99,867       13,096       27,734       128,168       21,426       22,388       2,752  
Loss from discontinued operations
                            (213 )     (2,373 )     (490 )
                                                         
Net income
  $ 99,867     $ 13,096     $ 27,734     $ 128,168     $ 21,213     $ 20,015     $ 2,262  
                                                         
Earnings per share data:
                                                       
Net income (loss) per share, as adjusted(1)
                                                       
Basic and diluted:
                                                       
Income from continuing operations
  $ 1.48     $ 0.20     $ 0.43     $ 2.00     $ 0.38     $ 1.52     $ 0.19  
Loss from discontinued operations
                                  (0.16 )     (0.04 )
                                                         
Net income per basic share
  $ 1.48     $ 0.20     $ 0.43     $ 2.00     $ 0.38     $ 1.36     $ 0.15  
                                                         
Net income per diluted share
  $ 1.46     $ 0.20     $ 0.43     $ 2.00     $ 0.38     $ 1.36     $ 0.15  
                                                         
Pro forma net income (loss) per share(2)
                                                       
Basic and diluted:
                                                       
Income from continuing operations
                                  $ 0.35     $ 0.25          
Loss from discontinued operations
                                          (0.07 )        
                                                         
Net income per basic and diluted share
                                  $ 0.35     $ 0.18          
                                                         
Balance sheet data (at period end):
                                                       
Cash and cash equivalents
  $ 406,494     $ 8,655     $ 54,365     $ 33,256     $ 39,622     $ 7,391     $ 11,246  
Operating and working capital
    311,857       109,926       157,147       116,464       35,074       56,257       32,714  
Total assets
    1,678,936       1,146,198       1,210,914       1,145,793       1,013,658       477,121       379,336  
Notes payable and long-term debt, including current portion
    545,596       445,134       446,913       445,651       485,803       201,705       84,964  
Stockholders’ equity and partners’ capital
    666,744       364,889       380,836       344,049       212,765       45,933       86,367  
Statement of cash flows data:
                                                       
Net cash provided by (used in):
                                                       
Operating activities
  $ 179,437     $ 102,308     $ 225,741     $ 210,081     $ 149,643     $ 106,776     $ 54,104  
Investing activities
    (73,851 )     (113,763 )     (165,203 )     (160,046 )     (339,387 )     (86,202 )     (100,072 )
Financing activities
    246,543       (13,146 )     (39,429 )     (56,401 )     221,975       (24,429 )     48,770  
Capital expenditures
    (74,207 )     (71,655 )     (126,381 )     (131,943 )     (122,342 )     (72,046 )     (27,719 )

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                      ANR Fund IX Holdings,
 
                      L.P. and Alpha NR
 
                Alpha Natural Resources, Inc.
    Holding, Inc. and
 
                and Subsidiaries     Subsidiaries  
    Six Months Ended June 30,     Year Ended December 31,  
    2008     2007     2007     2006     2005     2004     2003  
    (In thousands, except per share and per ton data)  
 
Other data:
                                                       
Production:
                                                       
Produced/processed
    12,264       12,323       24,203       24,827       20,602       19,069       17,199  
Purchased
    2,521       1,584       4,189       4,090       6,284       6,543       3,938  
                                                         
Total
    14,785       13,907       28,392       28,917       26,886       25,612       21,137  
                                                         
Tons Sold:
                                                       
Steam
    8,337       8,586       17,565       19,050       16,674       15,836       14,809  
Met
    6,270       4,882       10,980       10,029       10,023       9,490       6,804  
                                                         
Total
    14,607       13,468       28,545       29,079       26,697       25,326       21,613  
                                                         
Coal sales realization/ton:
                                                       
Steam
  $ 50.83     $ 48.42     $ 48.75     $ 48.73     $ 41.33     $ 32.66     $ 27.14  
Met
  $ 104.27     $ 72.02     $ 72.07     $ 75.09     $ 72.24     $ 59.31     $ 37.35  
Total
  $ 73.77     $ 56.98     $ 57.72     $ 57.82     $ 52.93     $ 42.64     $ 32.14  
Cost of coal sales/ton
  $ 56.45     $ 47.16     $ 48.05     $ 46.31     $ 44.35     $ 36.34     $ 28.98  
                                                         
Coal margin/ton
  $ 17.32     $ 9.82     $ 9.67     $ 11.51     $ 8.58     $ 6.30     $ 3.16  
                                                         
 
 
(1) Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net income or loss by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the periods. Diluted earnings per share is computed by dividing net income or loss by the weighted average number of shares of common stock and dilutive common stock equivalents outstanding during the periods. Common stock equivalents include the number of shares issuable on exercise of outstanding options less the number of shares that could have been purchased with the proceeds from the exercise of the options based on the average price of common stock during the period. Due to the internal restructuring on February 11, 2005 and initial public offering of common stock completed on February 18, 2005, the calculation of earnings per share for 2005, 2004, and 2003 reflects certain adjustments, as described below.
 
The numerator for purposes of computing basic and diluted net income (loss) per share, as adjusted, includes the reported net income (loss) and a pro forma adjustment for income taxes to reflect the pro forma income taxes for ANR Fund IX Holdings, L.P.’s portion of reported pre-tax income (loss), which would have been recorded if the issuance of the shares of common stock received by ANR Fund IX Holdings, L.P. and Alpha NR Holding, Inc. in exchange for their ownership in ANR Holdings in connection with the February 11, 2005 restructuring had occurred as of January 1, 2003. For purposes of the computation of basic and diluted net income (loss) per share, as adjusted, the pro forma adjustment for income taxes only applies to the percentage interest owned by ANR Fund IX Holding, L.P, the nontaxable affiliate. No pro forma adjustment for income taxes is required for the percentage interest owned by Alpha NR Holding, Inc., because income taxes have already been recorded in the historical results of operations. Furthermore, no pro forma adjustment to reported net income (loss) is necessary subsequent to February 11, 2005 because Alpha is subject to income taxes.
 
The denominator for purposes of computing basic net income (loss) per share, as adjusted, reflects the retroactive impact of the common shares received by ANR Fund IX Holdings, L.P. and Alpha NR Holding, Inc. in exchange for their ownership in ANR Holdings in connection with the internal restructuring on a weighted-average outstanding share basis as being outstanding as of January 1, 2003. The common shares issued to the minority interest owners of ANR Holdings in connection with the internal restructuring, including the immediately vested shares granted to management, have been reflected as being outstanding as of February 11, 2005 for purposes of computing the basic net income (loss) per share, as adjusted. The unvested shares granted to management on February 11, 2005 that vest monthly over the two-year period from January 1, 2005 to December 31, 2006 are included in the basic net income (loss) per share, as adjusted, computation as they vest on a weighted-average outstanding share basis starting on February 11, 2005. The 33,925,000 new shares issued in connection with the initial public offering have been reflected as being outstanding since February 14, 2005,

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the date of the initial public offering, for purposes of computing the basic net income (loss) per share, as adjusted.
 
The unvested shares issued to management are considered options for purposes of computing diluted net income (loss) per share, as adjusted. Therefore, for diluted purposes, all remaining unvested shares granted to management are added to the denominator subsequent to February 11, 2005 using the treasury stock method, if the effect is dilutive. In addition, the treasury stock method is used for outstanding stock options, if dilutive, beginning with the November 10, 2004 grant of options to management to purchase units in Alpha Coal Management, LLC that were automatically converted into options to purchase up to 596,985 shares of Alpha common stock at an exercise price of $12.73 per share.
 
The computations of basic and diluted net income (loss) per share, as adjusted for 2005, 2004, and 2003 are set forth below:
 
                         
    Year Ended December 31,  
    2005     2004     2003  
    (In thousands, except per share amounts)  
 
Numerator:
                       
Reported income from continuing operations
  $ 21,426     $ 22,388     $ 2,752  
Deduct: Income tax effect of ANR Fund IX Holdings, L.P. income from continuing operations prior to internal restructuring
    (91 )     (1,149 )     (138 )
                         
Income from continuing operations, as adjusted
    21,335       21,239       2,614  
                         
Reported loss from discontinued operations
    (213 )     (2,373 )     (490 )
Add: Income tax effect of ANR Fund IX Holdings, L.P. loss from discontinued operations prior to internal restructuring
    2       149       27  
                         
Loss from discontinued operations, as adjusted
    (211 )     (2,224 )     (463 )
                         
Net income, as adjusted
  $ 21,124     $ 19,015     $ 2,151  
                         
Denominator:
                       
Weighted average shares — basic
    55,664,081       13,998,911       13,998,911  
Dilutive effect of stock options and restricted stock grants
    385,465              
                         
Weighted average shares — diluted
    56,049,546       13,998,911       13,998,911  
                         
Net income per share, as adjusted — basic and diluted:
                       
Income from continuing operations, as adjusted
  $ 0.38     $ 1.52     $ 0.19  
Loss from discontinued operations, as adjusted
          (0.16 )     (0.04 )
                         
Net income per share, as adjusted
  $ 0.38     $ 1.36     $ 0.15  
                         
 
(2) Pro forma net income (loss) per share gives effect to the following transactions as if each of these transactions had occurred on January 1, 2004: the Nicewonder acquisition and related debt refinancing in October 2005, the February 11, 2005 restructuring and initial public offering in February 2005, the issuance in May 2004 of $175.0 million principal amount of 10% senior notes due 2012, and the entry into a $175.0 million revolving credit facility in May 2004.


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Selected Unaudited Pro Forma Condensed Consolidated Financial Data
 
The following selected unaudited pro forma condensed consolidated financial data of Cliffs and Alpha give effect to the merger as if the merger had been completed as of January 1, 2007, with respect to the pro forma results of operations data, and as of June 30, 2008, with respect to the pro forma balance sheet data.
 
The following unaudited pro forma condensed consolidated financial data should be read in conjunction with the historical consolidated financial statements and notes thereto of Cliffs, which are included elsewhere in this joint proxy statement/prospectus, and Alpha, which are incorporated by reference in this joint proxy statement/prospectus, and the other information contained or incorporated by reference in this joint proxy statement/prospectus. See “Where You Can Find More Information” beginning on page 239 and “Financial Statements and Information” beginning on page F-i.
 
The following unaudited pro forma condensed consolidated financial data reflect the purchase method of accounting, with Cliffs treated as the acquirer. The following unaudited pro forma condensed consolidated financial data reflect adjustments, which are based upon preliminary estimates, to allocate the purchase price to Alpha’s net assets. The purchase price allocation reflected herein is preliminary, and final allocation of the purchase price will be based upon the actual purchase price and the actual assets and liabilities of Alpha as of the date of the completion of the merger. Accordingly, the actual purchase accounting adjustments may differ materially from the pro forma adjustments reflected herein.
 
The following unaudited pro forma condensed consolidated financial data is presented for illustrative purposes only and is not necessarily indicative of what the combined company’s actual financial position or results of operations would have been had the merger been completed on the dates indicated above. The following unaudited pro forma condensed consolidated financial data does not give effect to (1) Cliffs’ or Alpha’s results of operations or other transactions or developments since June 30, 2008, (2) the synergies, cost savings and one-time charges expected to result from the merger, or (3) the effects of transactions or developments, including sales or purchases of assets, which may occur subsequent to the merger. The foregoing matters could cause both Cliffs’ pro forma historical financial position and results of operations, and the combined company’s actual future financial position and results of operations, to differ materially from those presented in the following unaudited pro forma condensed consolidated financial data.
 
                 
    Six Months Ended
    Year Ended
 
    June 30, 2008     December 31, 2007  
    (In millions, except
    (In millions, except
 
    per share data)     per share data)  
 
Results of Operations Data:
               
Total Revenues
  $ 3,099.5     $ 4,910.1  
Earnings from operations
    382.1       358.9  
Diluted earnings per share from operations
    2.18       2.04  
 
         
    At June 30, 2008  
    (In millions)  
 
Balance Sheet Data:
       
Total assets
  $ 18,343.6  
Total current liabilities
    1,537.3  
Notes and non-current obligations
    7,556.2  
Total shareholders’ equity
    9,042.2  


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COMPARATIVE PER SHARE INFORMATION
 
The following tables set forth for the periods presented certain per share data separately for Cliffs and Alpha on a historical basis, on an unaudited pro forma combined basis per Cliffs common share and on an unaudited pro forma combined basis per equivalent share of common stock of Alpha. The following unaudited pro forma condensed consolidated financial data should be read in conjunction with the historical consolidated financial statements and notes thereto of Cliffs, which are included elsewhere in this joint proxy statement/prospectus, and Alpha, which are incorporated by reference in this joint proxy statement/prospectus, and the other information contained or incorporated by reference in this joint proxy statement/prospectus. See “Where You Can Find More Information” beginning on page 239 and “Financial Statements and Information” beginning on page F-i.
 
The unaudited pro forma combined data per Cliffs common share are based upon the historical weighted average number of Cliffs common shares outstanding, adjusted to include the estimated number of Cliffs common shares to be issued in the merger. See “Unaudited Pro Forma Condensed Consolidated Financial Information” beginning on page 226. We have based the unaudited pro forma combined data per Alpha equivalent common share on the unaudited pro forma combined per Cliffs common share amounts, multiplied by the exchange ratio of 0.95. The exchange ratio does not include the $22.23 per share cash portion of the merger consideration. This data shows how each share of Alpha common stock would have participated in the income from continuing operations and book value of Cliffs if the companies had always been consolidated for accounting and financial reporting purposes for all periods presented. These amounts, however, are not intended to reflect future per share levels of income from continuing operations and book value of the combined company.
 
The following unaudited pro forma data reflect the purchase method of accounting, with Cliffs treated as the acquirer. The following unaudited pro forma data reflect adjustments, which are based upon preliminary estimates, to allocate the purchase price to Alpha’s net assets. The purchase price allocation reflected herein is preliminary, and final allocation of the purchase price will be based upon the actual purchase price and the actual assets and liabilities of Alpha as of the date of the completion of the merger. Accordingly, the actual purchase accounting adjustments may differ from the pro forma adjustments reflected herein.
 
The following unaudited pro forma data are presented for illustrative purposes only and are not necessarily indicative of what the combined company’s actual financial position or results of operations would have been had the merger been completed on the dates indicated above. The following unaudited pro forma data do not give effect to (1) Cliffs’ or Alpha’s results of operations or other transactions or developments since December 31, 2007, (2) the synergies, cost savings and one-time charges expected to result from the merger, or (3) the effects of transactions or developments, including sales of assets, which may occur subsequent to the merger. The foregoing matters could cause both Cliffs’ pro forma historical financial position and results of operations, and Cliffs’ actual future financial position and results of operations, to differ materially from those presented in the following unaudited pro forma condensed consolidated financial data.
 
                                 
    Cliffs
    Alpha
             
    Historical per
    Historical per
    Cliffs
    Alpha
 
    Share Data     Share Data     Pro Forma     Pro Forma  
 
At or for the Year Ended December 31, 2007:
                               
Income from continuing operations per common share:
                               
Basic
  $ 3.19     $ 0.43     $ 2.31     $ 2.05  
Diluted
  $ 2.57     $ 0.43     $ 2.04     $ 1.81  
Cash dividends declared per common share
  $ .25     $     $ .25     $ .24  
Book value per common share
  $ 13.35     $ 5.79       N/A       N/A  
 


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Table of Contents

                                 
    Cliffs
    Alpha
             
    Historical per
    Historical per
    Cliffs
    Alpha
 
    Share Data     Share Data     Pro Forma     Pro Forma  
 
At or for the Six Months Ended June 30, 2008:
                               
Income from continuing operations per common share:
                               
Basic
  $ 3.04     $ 1.48     $ 2.32     $ 2.20  
Diluted
  $ 2.73     $ 1.46     $ 2.18     $ 2.07  
Cash dividends declared per common share
  $ .0875     $     $ .0875     $ .0831  
Book value per common share
  $ 16.02     $ 9.46     $ 52.39     $ 49.77  
 
COMPARATIVE MARKET VALUE INFORMATION
 
The following table presents:
 
  •  the closing prices per share and aggregate market value of Cliffs common shares and Alpha common stock, in each case based on the last reported sales prices as reported by the NYSE Composite Transactions Tape, on July 15, 2008, the last trading day prior to the public announcement of the proposed merger, and October 21, 2008, the last trading day for which this information could be calculated prior to the date of this joint proxy statement/prospectus; and
 
  •  the equivalent price per share and equivalent market value of shares of Alpha common stock.
 
                         
    Cliffs
    Alpha
    Alpha
 
    Historical     Historical     Equivalent(1)  
 
July 15, 2008
                       
Closing price per common share
  $ 111.46     $ 94.92     $ 128.12  
Market value of common shares (in billions)(2)
  $ 11.6     $ 6.69       N/A  
October 21, 2008
                       
Closing price per common share
  $ 34.42     $ 40.47     $ 54.93  
Market value of common shares (in billions)(3)
  $ 3.67     $ 2.85       N/A  
 
 
(1) The Alpha equivalent price per share reflects the fluctuating value of Cliffs common shares that Alpha stockholders would receive for each share of Alpha common stock if the merger were completed on either July 15, 2008 or October 21, 2008. The Alpha equivalent price per share is equal to the sum of (i) the closing price of a Cliffs common share on the applicable date multiplied by 0.95 and (ii) $22.23.
 
(2) Based on 104,145,300 Cliffs common shares and 70,495,814 shares of Alpha common stock outstanding as of July 15, 2008 (excluding outstanding shares held in treasury).
 
(3) Based on 113,502,463 Cliffs common shares and 70,495,814 shares of Alpha common stock outstanding as of October 20, 2008 (excluding outstanding shares held in treasury).

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RISK FACTORS
 
In deciding whether to vote for the adoption of the merger agreement, in the case of Alpha stockholders, or for adoption of the merger agreement and approval of the issuance of Cliffs common shares, in the case of Cliffs shareholders, we urge you to carefully consider all of the information included or incorporated by reference in this joint proxy statement/prospectus. See “Where You Can Find More Information” beginning on page 239. You should also read and consider the risks associated with each of the businesses of Cliffs and Alpha because these risks will also affect the combined company. The risks associated with the business of Alpha can be found in the Alpha Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2007, which is incorporated by reference in this joint proxy statement/prospectus. In addition, we urge you to carefully consider the following material risks relating to the merger, the business of Cliffs and the business of the combined company.
 
Risks Relating to the Merger
 
Cliffs may fail to realize all of the anticipated benefits of the merger, which could reduce Cliffs’ profitability.
 
Cliffs expects that the acquisition of Alpha will result in certain synergies, business opportunities and growth prospects. Cliffs, however, may never realize these expected synergies, business opportunities and growth prospects. Integrating operations will be complex and will require significant efforts and expenses on the part of both Cliffs and Alpha. Personnel may leave or be terminated because of the merger. Cliffs’ management may have its attention diverted while trying to integrate Alpha. In addition, Cliffs may experience increased competition that limits its ability to expand its business, Cliffs may not be able to capitalize on expected business opportunities including retaining Alpha’s current customers, assumptions underlying estimates of expected cost savings may be inaccurate, or general industry and business conditions may deteriorate. If these factors limit Cliffs’ ability to integrate the operations of Alpha successfully or on a timely basis, Cliffs’ expectations of future results of operations, including certain cost savings and synergies expected to result from the merger, may not be met. In addition, Cliffs’ growth and operating strategies for Alpha’s business may be different from the strategies that Alpha currently is pursuing.
 
Because the market price of Cliffs common shares will fluctuate, Alpha stockholders cannot be sure of the value of the merger consideration they will receive.
 
In the merger, each share of Alpha common stock (other than shares of Alpha common stock held by any dissenting Alpha stockholder that has properly exercised appraisal rights in accordance with Delaware law, shares of Alpha common stock held in treasury by Alpha or shares of Alpha common stock owned by Cliffs) will be converted into the right to receive $22.23 in cash and 0.95 of a common share of Cliffs. The price of Cliffs common shares at the closing date of the merger or when the Cliffs common shares are received by Alpha stockholders may vary from their respective prices on the date of this joint proxy statement/prospectus and on the date of the Alpha special meeting. As a result, Cliffs shareholders and Alpha stockholders will not know the exact value of the Cliffs common shares that will be issued in the merger at the time they vote on the merger proposals. Share price changes may result from a variety of factors, including general market and economic conditions, changes in Cliffs’ and Alpha’s respective businesses, operations and prospects, and regulatory considerations. Many of these factors are beyond Cliffs’ and Alpha’s control. For instance, as a result of the recent deterioration of general economic conditions and the intensification of the credit crisis both in the U.S. and worldwide, the market price for both Alpha’s shares of common stock and Cliffs’ common shares has declined significantly during the last month. You should obtain current market quotations for Cliffs common shares and shares of Alpha common stock.
 
The market price for Cliffs common shares may be affected by factors different from, or in addition to, those affecting shares of Alpha common stock, and the market value of Cliffs common shares may decrease after the closing date of the merger.
 
The businesses of Cliffs and Alpha differ in some respects and, accordingly, the results of operations of the combined company and the market price of the combined company’s common shares may be affected by factors different from those currently affecting the independent results of operations of each of Cliffs and Alpha. In addition, the market value of the common shares of Cliffs that Alpha stockholders receive in the merger could decrease following the closing date of the merger. For a discussion of the business of Cliffs and factors to consider in


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connection with its business, please see “Information about Cliffs” beginning on page 115 and the documents and information included elsewhere in this joint proxy statement/prospectus or incorporated by reference into this joint proxy statement/prospectus and listed under the section captioned “Where You Can Find More Information,” beginning on page 239. For a discussion of the business of Alpha and factors to consider in connection with its business, please see “Information about Alpha” on page 142 and the documents and information incorporated by reference into this joint proxy statement/prospectus and listed under the section captioned “Where You Can Find More Information,” beginning on page 239.
 
Opposition by Harbinger Capital Partners, a shareholder of Cliffs, and/or other significant shareholders of Cliffs may prevent completion of the merger.
 
The adoption of the merger agreement and the approval of the issuance of Cliffs common shares in connection with the merger require the affirmative vote of at least two-thirds of the votes entitled to be cast by the holders of outstanding common shares and Series A-2 preferred stock of Cliffs, voting together as a class. As a result, the failure of Harbinger Capital Partners Master Fund I, Ltd. and its affiliates, including Harbinger Capital Partners Special Situations Fund, L.P., which are collectively referred to as Harbinger Capital Partners and which, based on information provided in Amendment No. 1 to Schedule 13D filed by Harbinger Capital Partners with the SEC on August 14, 2008, collectively were the beneficial owners of 16,616,472 common shares of Cliffs as of October 6, 2008, the record date for the Cliffs special meeting (constituting approximately 14.64% of the Cliffs common shares issued and outstanding as of October 6, 2008, the record date for the Cliffs special meeting), to vote in favor of the adoption of the merger agreement and the issuance of Cliffs common shares in connection with the merger would significantly decrease the likelihood that the merger will be completed. On a number of occasions Harbinger Capital Partners indicated that it did not believe that the merger would be in the best interests of Cliffs shareholders.
 
On August 14, 2008, Harbinger Capital Partners delivered to Cliffs an “acquiring person statement” pursuant to Section 1701.831 of the Ohio General Corporation Law, or the Ohio Control Share Acquisition Statute, pertaining to a proposed acquisition by Harbinger Capital Partners of that number of the Cliffs common shares that when added to all other shares in respect of which Harbinger Capital Partners may exercise or direct the exercise of voting power in the election of the Cliffs directors would equal one-fifth or more (but less than one-third) of such voting power, which proposed acquisition is referred to as the Harbinger control share acquisition proposal.
 
Pursuant to the Ohio Control Share Acquisition Statute, the Harbinger control share acquisition proposal had to be approved by the holders of at least a majority of the voting power of all Cliffs shares entitled to vote in the election of the Cliffs directors represented at the special meeting (excluding the voting power of all “interested shares” (within the meaning of the Ohio Control Share Acquisition Statute)) convened by Cliffs pursuant to the requirements of the Ohio Control Share Acquisition Statute. The special meeting of the Cliffs shareholders to consider the Harbinger control share acquisition proposal took place on October 3, 2008. On October 10, 2008, Cliffs announced that, based on the results provided by the independent inspector of elections, IVS Associates, Inc., Cliffs shareholders rejected the Harbinger control share acquisition proposal. Notwithstanding the foregoing, if Harbinger Capital Partners and/or other significant shareholders of Cliffs oppose the merger, then Cliffs’ ability to obtain its required shareholder approval will be adversely affected.
 
Furthermore, if Cliffs shareholders fail to adopt the merger agreement and approve the issuance of the Cliffs common shares in connection with the merger, pursuant to the merger agreement, Cliffs will have to pay to Alpha a termination fee of $100 million (provided that no such fee will be required to be paid by Cliffs if the Alpha stockholders also fail to adopt the merger agreement at their special meeting).
 
Cliffs shareholders’ ownership percentage after the merger will be diluted and the merger could result in dilution to Cliffs’ earnings per share.
 
In connection with the merger, Cliffs will issue to Alpha stockholders Cliffs common shares. As a result of this share issuance, Cliffs shareholders will own a smaller percentage of the combined company. It is estimated that, upon completion of the merger, Cliffs shareholders will own approximately 63% of the outstanding stock of the combined company and Alpha stockholders will own approximately 37% of the outstanding stock of the combined company. If the combined company is unable to realize the strategic and financial benefits currently anticipated to


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result from the merger, then Cliffs shareholders could experience dilution of their economic interest in Cliffs without receiving a commensurate benefit. The merger could also result in dilution to Cliffs’ earnings per share.
 
Obtaining required approvals and satisfying closing conditions may prevent or delay completion of the merger.
 
The merger is subject to customary conditions to closing. These closing conditions include, among others, the receipt of required approvals of the stockholders of Alpha and shareholders of Cliffs and the receipt of certain governmental consents and approvals. No assurance can be given that the required shareholder and governmental consents and approvals will be obtained or that the required conditions to closing will be satisfied, and, if all required consents and approvals are obtained and the conditions are satisfied, no assurance can be given as to the terms, conditions and timing of the consents and approvals. Cliffs and Alpha will also be obligated to pay certain investment banking, financing, legal and accounting fees and related expenses in connection with the merger, whether or not the merger is completed.
 
The fairness opinions obtained by Cliffs and Alpha from their respective financial advisors will not reflect changes in circumstances between signing the merger agreement and the completion of the merger.
 
Cliffs and Alpha have not obtained updated opinions as of the date of this document from J.P. Morgan, Cliffs’ financial advisor, or Citi, Alpha’s financial advisor. These opinions speak only as of their respective dates and do not address the fairness of the merger consideration, from a financial point of view, at the time the merger is completed. Changes in the operations and prospects of Cliffs or Alpha, general market and economic conditions (including the recent deterioration of general economic conditions and the intensification of the credit crisis both in the U.S. and worldwide, as a result of which the market price for both Alpha’s shares of common stock and Cliffs’ common shares has declined significantly during the last month) and other factors which may be beyond the control of Cliffs and Alpha, and on which the fairness opinions were based, may alter the value of Cliffs or Alpha or the prices of Cliffs common shares or shares of Alpha common stock by the time the merger is completed. For a description of the opinions that Cliffs and Alpha received from their respective financial advisors, please refer to “The Merger — Opinion of Cliffs’ Financial Advisor” beginning on page 75 and “The Merger — Opinion of Alpha’s Financial Advisor” beginning on page 64.
 
Whether or not the merger is completed, the announcement and pendency of the merger could cause disruptions in the businesses of Cliffs and Alpha, which could have an adverse effect on their respective businesses and financial results.
 
Whether or not the merger is completed, the announcement and pendency of the merger could cause disruptions in the businesses of Cliffs and Alpha. Specifically:
 
  •  current and prospective employees of Alpha will experience uncertainty about their future roles with the combined company, which might adversely affect Cliffs’ and Alpha’s ability to retain key managers and other employees; and
 
  •  the attention of management of each of Cliffs and Alpha may be directed toward the completion of the merger.
 
In addition, Cliffs and Alpha have each diverted significant management resources in an effort to complete the merger and are each subject to restrictions contained in the merger agreement on the conduct of their respective businesses. If the merger is not completed, Cliffs and Alpha will have incurred significant costs, including the diversion of management resources, for which they will have received little or no benefit. Further, Alpha and Cliffs may be required to pay to the other a termination fee of either $100 million or $350 million if the merger agreement is terminated, depending on the specific circumstances of the termination. For a detailed description of the circumstances in which such termination fee will be paid, see “The Merger Agreement — Termination Fees” beginning on page 112.


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Certain directors and executive officers of Alpha have interests and arrangements that may be different from, or in addition to, those of Alpha stockholders.
 
When considering the recommendation of the Alpha board of directors with respect to the merger, Alpha stockholders should be aware that some directors and executive officers of Alpha have interests in the merger that may be different from, or in addition to, their interests as stockholders and the interests of stockholders generally. These interests include, among others, payments under employment agreements and severance agreements, acceleration of vesting and exercisability of options and restricted stock as a result of the merger and the right to continued indemnification and insurance coverage by Cliffs for acts or omissions occurring prior to the merger.
 
As a result of these interests, these directors and executive officers may be more likely to support and to vote to adopt the merger agreement than if they did not have these interests. Shareholders should consider whether these interests may have influenced those directors and executive officers to support or recommend adoption of the merger agreement. As of the close of business on the record date for the Alpha special meeting, Alpha directors and executive officers were entitled to vote 0.92% of the then-outstanding shares of Alpha common stock. See “The Merger — Interests of Alpha Directors and Executive Officers in the Merger” beginning on page 83.
 
Risks Associated with the Cliffs Business
 
The current disruption in the credit markets has created uncertainty and could adversely affect Cliffs’ business.
 
The current global financial and credit crisis could adversely affect Cliffs’ business and financial results. Some of Cliffs’ North American customers have announced curtailments of production, which could adversely affect the demand for Cliffs’ iron ore and coal products. Continuation or worsening of the current economic conditions, a prolonged national or regional economic recession or other events that could produce major changes in demand patterns could have a material adverse effect on Cliffs’ sales, margins and profitability. In addition, as a result of the intensification of the global credit crisis in the past few weeks, the market price for Cliffs’ common shares has declined substantially. Cliffs is not able to predict the impact the current global financial and credit crisis will have on its operations and the industry in general going forward.
 
If the rate of steel consumption slows globally, it could lead to excess global capacity, increasing competition within the steel industry and increased imports into the United States, potentially lowering the demand for iron ore and coal.
 
The world price of iron ore and coal are strongly influenced by international demand. Production at Portman, which comprises Cliffs’ Asian-Pacific Iron Ore segment, is fully committed to steel companies in China and Japan. In addition, all 2008 production at Sonoma is committed under supply agreements with customers in Asia, including China. If the economic growth rate in China slows, which may be difficult to forecast, less steel may be used in construction and manufacturing, which could decrease demand for iron ore and coal. This could adversely impact the world iron ore and coal markets and Cliffs’ operations, specifically, at Portman and Sonoma. A slowing of the economic growth rate globally leading to overcapacity in the steelmaking industry could also result in greater exports of steel out of Eastern Europe, Asia and Latin America, which, if imported into North America, could decrease demand for domestically produced steel, thereby decreasing the demand for iron ore and coal supplied in North America. During 2006, China became the world’s largest exporter of steel.
 
China’s domestic crude steel production climbed approximately 17 percent in 2007 as compared to 2006. Based on the American Iron and Steel Institute’s Apparent Steel Supply (excluding semi-finished steel products), imports of steel into the United States constituted 23.3 percent, 27.3 percent and 21.3 percent of the domestic steel market supply for 2007, 2006 and 2005, respectively. Further, production of steel by North American integrated steel manufacturers may also be replaced, to some extent, by production of substitute materials by other manufacturers. In the case of some product applications, North American steel manufacturers compete with manufacturers of other materials, including plastic, aluminum, graphite composites, ceramics, glass, wood and concrete. Most of Cliffs’ term supply agreements for the sale of iron ore products are requirements-based or provide for flexibility of volume above a minimum level. Reduced demand for and consumption of iron ore products by


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integrated steel producers have had and may continue to have a significant negative impact on Cliffs’ sales, margins and profitability.
 
Capacity expansions within the industry could lead to lower global iron ore and coal prices or impact Cliffs’ production.
 
The increased demand for iron ore and coal, particularly from China, has resulted in the major iron ore and metallurgical coal suppliers increasing their capacity. Many of Cliffs’ competitors have announced plans to increase their capacity through capital expenditures, project expansion and acquisitions to capitalize on these opportunities. An increase in Cliffs’ competitors’ capacity could result in excess supply of iron ore and coal, resulting in downward pressure on prices. A decrease in pricing would adversely impact Cliffs’ sales, margins and profitability.
 
If steelmakers use methods other than blast furnace production to produce steel, or if their blast furnaces shut down or otherwise reduce production, the demand for Cliffs’ iron ore and coal products may decrease.
 
Demand for Cliffs’ iron ore and coal products is determined by the operating rates for the blast furnaces of steel companies. However, not all finished steel is produced by blast furnaces; finished steel also may be produced by other methods that do not require iron ore products. For example, steel “mini-mills,” which are steel recyclers, generally produce steel primarily by using scrap steel and other iron products, not iron ore pellets, in their electric furnaces. Production of steel by steel mini-mills was approximately 60 percent of North American total finished steel production in 2007. Steel producers also can produce steel using imported iron ore or semi-finished steel products, which eliminates the need for domestic iron ore. Environmental restrictions on the use of blast furnaces also may reduce Cliffs’ customers’ use of their blast furnaces. Maintenance of blast furnaces can require substantial capital expenditures. Cliffs’ customers may choose not to maintain their blast furnaces, and some of Cliffs’ customers may not have the resources necessary to adequately maintain their blast furnaces. If Cliffs’ customers use methods to produce steel that do not use iron ore and coal products, demand for Cliffs’ iron ore and coal products will decrease, which could adversely affect its sales, margins and profitability.
 
A substantial majority of Cliffs’ sales are made under term supply agreements, which are important to the stability and profitability of its operations.
 
In 2007, more than 95 percent of Cliffs’ North American Iron Ore sales volume, the majority of Cliffs’ North American Coal sales, and virtually all of Cliffs’ Asia-Pacific Iron Ore sales were sold under term supply agreements. For North American Coal, these agreements typically cover a twelve-month period and must be renewed each year. The Asia-Pacific Iron Ore contracts expire in 2010. Cliffs cannot be certain that it will be able to renew or replace existing term supply agreements at the same volume levels, prices or with similar profit margins when they expire. A loss of sales to Cliffs’ existing customers could have a substantial negative impact on Cliffs’ sales, margins and profitability.
 
Cliffs’ North American Iron Ore term supply agreements contain a number of price adjustment provisions, or price escalators, including adjustments based on general industrial inflation rates, the price of steel and the international price of iron ore pellets, among other factors, that allow Cliffs to adjust the prices under those agreements generally on an annual basis. Cliffs’ price adjustment provisions are weighted and some are subject to annual collars, which limit its ability to raise prices to match international levels and fully capitalize on strong demand for iron ore. Most of Cliffs’ North American Iron Ore term supply agreements do not otherwise allow Cliffs to increase its prices and to directly pass through higher production costs to its customers. An inability to increase prices or pass along increased costs could adversely affect Cliffs’ margins and profitability.
 
In North America, Cliffs depends on a limited number of customers.
 
Five customers together accounted for more than 80 percent of Cliffs’ North American Iron Ore sales revenues measured as a percent of product revenues for each of the past three years. If one or more of these customers were to significantly reduce their purchases of products from Cliffs, or if Cliffs were unable to sell products to them on terms as favorable to it as the terms under its current term supply agreements, Cliffs’ North American sales, margins


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and profitability could suffer materially due to the high level of fixed costs and the high costs to idle or close mines. The majority of the iron ore Cliffs manages and produces is for its own account, and therefore Cliffs relies on sales to its joint venture partners and other third-party customers for most of its revenues.
 
Mine closures entail substantial costs, and if Cliffs closes one or more of its mines sooner than anticipated, its results of operations and financial condition may be significantly and adversely affected.
 
If Cliffs closes any of its mines, its revenues would be reduced unless Cliffs were able to increase production at its other mines, which may not be possible. The closure of a mining operation involves significant fixed closure costs, including accelerated employment legacy costs, severance-related obligations, reclamation and other environmental costs, and the costs of terminating long-term obligations, including energy contracts and equipment leases. Cliffs bases its assumptions regarding the life of its mines on detailed studies Cliffs performs from time to time, but those studies and assumptions are subject to uncertainties and estimates that may not be accurate. Cliffs recognizes the costs of reclaiming open pits and shafts, stockpiles, tailings ponds, roads and other mining support areas based on the estimated mining life of its property. If Cliffs were to significantly reduce the estimated life of any of its mines, the mine-closure costs would be applied to a shorter period of production, which would increase production costs per ton produced and could significantly and adversely affect Cliffs’ results of operations and financial condition.
 
A North American mine permanent closure could significantly increase and accelerate employment legacy costs, including Cliffs’ expense and funding costs for pension and other postretirement benefit obligations. A number of employees would be eligible for immediate retirement under special eligibility rules that apply upon a mine closure. All employees eligible for immediate retirement under the pension plans at the time of the permanent mine closure also would be eligible for postretirement health and life insurance benefits, thereby accelerating Cliffs’ obligation to provide these benefits. Certain mine closures would precipitate a pension closure liability significantly greater than an ongoing operation liability. Finally, a permanent mine closure could trigger severance-related obligations, which can equal up to eight weeks of pay per employee, depending on length of service. No employee entitled to an immediate pension upon closure of a mine is entitled to severance. As a result, the closure of one or more of Cliffs’ mines could adversely affect its financial condition and results of operations.
 
Cliffs relies on estimates of its recoverable reserves, which is complex due to geological characteristics of the properties and the number of assumptions made.
 
Cliffs regularly evaluates its North American iron ore and coal reserves based on revenues and costs and updates them as required in accordance with SEC Industry Guide 7. Portman and Sonoma have published reserves which follow Joint Ore Reserves Code in Australia, which is similar to United States requirements. Changes to the reserve value to make them comply with SEC requirements have been made. There are numerous uncertainties inherent in estimating quantities of reserves of Cliffs mines, many of which have been in operation for several decades, including many factors beyond Cliffs’ control.
 
Estimates of reserves and future net cash flows necessarily depend upon a number of variable factors and assumptions, such as production capacity, effects of regulations by governmental agencies, future prices for iron ore and coal, future industry conditions and operating costs, severance and excise taxes, development costs and costs of extraction and reclamation, all of which may in fact vary considerably from actual results. For these reasons, estimates of the economically recoverable quantities of mineralized deposits attributable to any particular group of properties, classifications of such reserves based on risk of recovery and estimates of future net cash flows prepared by different engineers or by the same engineers at different times may vary substantially as the criteria change. Estimated ore and coal reserves could be affected by future industry conditions, geological conditions and ongoing mine planning. Actual production, revenues and expenditures with respect to Cliffs’ reserves will likely vary from estimates, and if such variances are material, Cliffs’ sales and profitability could be adversely affected.


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A defect in the title or the loss of a leasehold interest in certain property could limit Cliffs’ ability to mine its reserves or result in significant unanticipated costs.
 
Cliffs conducts a significant part of its mining operations on property that it leases. A title defect or the loss of a lease could adversely affect Cliffs’ ability to mine the associated reserves. As such, the title to property that Cliffs intends to lease or reserves that it intends to mine may contain defects prohibiting its ability to conduct mining operations. In order to conduct its mining operations on properties where these defects exist, Cliffs may incur unanticipated costs. In addition, some leases require Cliffs to pay minimum royalties. Cliffs’ inability to satisfy those requirements may cause the leasehold interest to terminate.
 
Cliffs relies on its joint venture partners in its mines to meet their payment obligations and is subject to risks involving the acts or omissions of its joint venture partners when Cliffs is not the manager of the joint venture.
 
Cliffs co-owns four of its six North American mines with various joint venture partners that are integrated steel producers or their subsidiaries, including ArcelorMittal USA Inc., or ArcelorMittal USA, and U.S. Steel Canada Inc. (formerly Stelco Inc.), or U.S. Steel Canada. While Cliffs is the manager of each of the mines it co-owns, Cliffs relies on its joint venture partners to make their required capital contributions and to pay for their share of the iron ore pellets that Cliffs produces. Most of Cliffs’ venture partners are also its customers. If one or more of Cliffs’ venture partners fail to perform their obligations, the remaining venturers, including Cliffs, may be required to assume additional material obligations, including significant pension and postretirement health and life insurance benefit obligations. The premature closure of a mine due to the failure of a joint venture partner to perform its obligations could result in significant fixed mine-closure costs, including severance, employment legacy costs and other employment costs, reclamation and other environmental costs, and the costs of terminating long-term obligations, including energy contracts and equipment leases.
 
Cliffs cannot control the actions of its joint venture partners, especially when it has a minority interest in a joint venture and is not designated as the manager of the joint venture. Further, in spite of performing customary due diligence prior to entering into a joint venture, Cliffs cannot guaranty full disclosure of prior acts or omissions of the sellers or those with whom Cliffs enters into joint ventures. Most recently, Cliffs learned that the Brazilian Federal Police have initiated a criminal investigation into how the Amapá railway concession was obtained prior to Cliffs’ involvement in the project. Such risks could have a material adverse effect on the business, results of operations or financial condition of Cliffs’ joint venture interests.
 
Cliffs’ expenditures for postretirement benefit and pension obligations could be materially higher than it has predicted if its underlying assumptions prove to be incorrect, if there are mine closures or Cliffs’ joint venture partners fail to perform their obligations that relate to employee pension plans.
 
Cliffs provides defined benefit pension plans and other postretirement benefits to eligible union and non-union employees, including Cliffs’ share of expense and funding obligations with respect to unconsolidated ventures. Cliffs’ pension expense and its required contributions to its pension plans are directly affected by the value of plan assets, the projected and actual rate of return on plan assets and the actuarial assumptions Cliffs uses to measure its defined benefit pension plan obligations, including the rate at which future obligations are discounted.
 
Cliffs cannot predict whether changing market or economic conditions, regulatory changes or other factors will increase its pension expenses or its funding obligations, diverting funds Cliffs would otherwise apply to other uses.
 
Cliffs has calculated its unfunded other postretirement benefits obligation based on a number of assumptions. Discount rate, return on plan assets, and mortality assumptions parallel those utilized for pensions. If Cliffs’ assumptions do not materialize as expected, cash expenditures and costs that Cliffs incurs could be materially higher. Moreover, Cliffs cannot be certain that regulatory changes will not increase its obligations to provide these or additional benefits. These obligations also may increase substantially in the event of adverse medical cost trends or unexpected rates of early retirement, particularly for bargaining unit retirees for whom there is currently no retiree healthcare cost cap. Early retirement rates likely would increase substantially in the event of a mine closure.


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Equipment and supply shortages may impact Cliffs’ production.
 
The extractive industry has been experiencing long lead times on equipment, tires, and supply needs due to the increased demand for these resources. As the global mining industry increases its capacity, demand for these resources will increase, potentially resulting in higher prices, equipment shortages, or both.
 
Cliffs’ sales and competitive position depend on the ability to transport its products to its customers at competitive rates and in a timely manner.
 
Disruption of the lake freighter and rail transportation services because of weather-related problems, including ice and winter weather conditions on the Great Lakes, strikes, lock-outs or other events, could impair Cliffs’ ability to supply iron ore pellets to its customers at competitive rates or in a timely manner and, thus, could adversely affect Cliffs’ sales and profitability. Similarly, Cliffs’ coal operations depend on international freighter and rail transportation services, as well as the availability of dock capacity, and any disruptions to such could impair Cliffs’ ability to supply coal to its customers at competitive rates or in a timely manner and, thus, could adversely affect Cliffs’ sales and profitability. Further, reduced levels of government funding may result in a lesser level of dredging, particularly at Great Lakes ports. Less dredging results in lower water levels, which restricts the tonnage freighters can haul over the Great Lakes, resulting in higher freight rates.
 
Cliffs’ Asia-Pacific Iron Ore operations are in direct competition with the major world seaborne exporters of iron ore and its customers face higher transportation costs than most other Australian producers to ship its products to the Asian markets because of the location of its major shipping port on the south coast of Australia. Further, increases in transportation costs, decreased availability of ocean vessels or changes in such costs relative to transportation costs incurred by Cliffs’ competitors, could make its products less competitive, restrict its access to certain markets and have an adverse effect on its sales, margins and profitability.
 
Cliffs’ operating expenses could increase significantly if the price of electrical power, fuel or other energy sources increases.
 
Operating expenses at all Cliffs’ mining locations are sensitive to changes in electricity prices and fuel prices, including diesel fuel and natural gas prices. In Cliffs’ North American Iron Ore locations, for example, these items make up 24 percent of Cliffs’ North American Iron Ore operating costs. Prices for electricity, natural gas and fuel oils can fluctuate widely with availability and demand levels from other users. During periods of peak usage, supplies of energy may be curtailed and Cliffs may not be able to purchase them at historical rates. While Cliffs has some long-term contracts with electrical suppliers, it is exposed to fluctuations in energy costs that can affect its production costs. Cliffs enters into forward fixed-price supply contracts for natural gas and diesel fuel for use in its operations. Those contracts are of limited duration and do not cover all of Cliffs’ fuel needs, and price increases in fuel costs could cause Cliffs’ profitability to decrease significantly.
 
Natural disasters, weather conditions, disruption of energy, unanticipated geological conditions, equipment failures, and other unexpected events may lead Cliffs’ customers, its suppliers, or its facilities to curtail production or shut down their operations.
 
Operating levels within the industry are subject to unexpected conditions and events that are beyond the industry’s control. Those events could cause industry members or their suppliers to curtail production or shut down a portion or all of their operations, which could reduce the demand for Cliffs’ iron ore and coal products, and could adversely affect its sales, margins, and profitability.
 
For example, one of Cliffs’ customers shut down a blast furnace for 52 days in 2007. Additionally, in January of 2008, another customer of Cliffs provided Cliffs with a force majeure letter due to a fire on the smaller of its two operating furnaces. In early November 2007, several small cracks were discovered in a kiln riding ring during routine maintenance at Cliffs’ Tilden Mining Company L.C., or Tilden, mine. As a result of the cracks, a scheduled major repair was extended approximately 15 days more than expected. Full production resumed in mid-January 2008. An electrical explosion at Cliffs’ United Taconite facility on October 12, 2006 resulted in a temporary production curtailment as a result of a loss of electrical power. Full production did not resume until January 2007. In February 2007, severe weather conditions caused significant ice buildup in the basin supplying water to the Hibbing


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Taconite Company, or Hibbing, facility tailings basin. This caused a production shutdown that lowered first quarter production output. In August 2007 and March 2008, production at Pinnacle Mining Company, LLC, or Pinnacle, slowed as a result of sandstone intrusions encountered within the coal panel being mined at the time, spreading fixed costs over less production than planned.
 
Interruptions in production capabilities will inevitably increase Cliffs’ production costs and reduce its profitability. Cliffs does not have meaningful excess capacity for current production needs, and it is not able to quickly increase production at one mine to offset an interruption in production at another mine.
 
A portion of Cliffs’ production costs are fixed regardless of current operating levels. As noted, Cliffs’ operating levels are subject to conditions beyond its control that can delay deliveries or increase the cost of mining at particular mines for varying lengths of time. These conditions include weather conditions (for example, extreme winter weather, floods and availability of process water due to drought) and natural disasters, pit wall failures, unanticipated geological conditions, including variations in the amount of rock and soil overlying the deposits of iron ore and coal, variations in rock and other natural materials and variations in geologic conditions and ore processing changes.
 
The manufacturing processes that take place in Cliffs’ mining operations, as well as in its processing facilities, depend on critical pieces of equipment. This equipment may, on occasion, be out of service because of unanticipated failures. In addition, many of Cliffs’ mines and processing facilities have been in operation for several decades, and the equipment is aged. In the future, Cliffs may experience additional material plant shutdowns or periods of reduced production because of equipment failures. Further, remediation of any interruption in production capability may require Cliffs to make large capital expenditures that could have a negative effect on its profitability and cash flows. Cliffs’ business interruption insurance would not cover all of the lost revenues associated with equipment failures. Longer-term business disruptions could result in a loss of customers, which could adversely affect Cliffs’ future sales levels, and therefore its profitability.
 
Regarding the impact of unexpected events happening to Cliffs’ suppliers, many of Cliffs’ mines are dependent on one source for electric power and for natural gas. For example, Minnesota Power, Inc. is the sole supplier of electric power to Cliffs’ Hibbing and United Taconite mines; Wisconsin Electric Power Company, or WEPCO, is the sole supplier of electric power to Cliffs’ Tilden and Empire Iron Mining Partnership, or Empire, mines; and Cliffs’ Northshore Mining Company, or Northshore, mine is largely dependent on its wholly-owned power facility for its electrical supply. A significant interruption in service from Cliffs’ energy suppliers due to terrorism, weather conditions, natural disasters, or any other cause can result in substantial losses that may not be fully recoverable, either from its business interruption insurance or responsible third parties.
 
Cliffs is subject to extensive governmental regulation, which imposes, and will continue to impose, significant costs and liabilities on Cliffs, and future regulation could increase those costs and liabilities or limit Cliffs’ ability to produce iron ore and coal products.
 
Cliffs is subject to various federal, provincial, state and local laws and regulations in each jurisdiction in which Cliffs has operations on matters such as employee health and safety, air quality, water pollution, plant and wildlife protection, reclamation and restoration of mining properties, the discharge of materials into the environment, and the effects that mining has on groundwater quality and availability. Numerous governmental permits and approvals are required for Cliffs’ operations. Cliffs cannot be certain that it has been or will be at all times in complete compliance with such laws, regulations and permits. If Cliffs violates or fails to comply with these laws, regulations or permits, it could be fined or otherwise sanctioned by regulators.
 
Prior to commencement of mining, Cliffs must submit to and obtain approval from the appropriate regulatory authority of plans showing where and how mining and reclamation operations are to occur. These plans must include information such as the location of mining areas, stockpiles, surface waters, haul roads, tailings basins and drainage from mining operations. All requirements imposed by any such authority may be costly and time-consuming and may delay commencement or continuation of exploration or production operations. In addition, new legislation and regulations and orders, including proposals related to climate change and protection of the environment, to which Cliffs would be subject or that would further regulate and tax Cliffs’ customers, namely the North American integrated steel producer customers, may also require Cliffs or its customers to reduce or


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otherwise change operations significantly or incur additional costs. Such new legislation, regulations or orders (if enacted) could have a material adverse effect on Cliffs’ business, results of operations, financial condition or profitability. Cliffs’ U.S. operations are subject to Maximum Achievable Control Technology emissions standards for particulate matter promulgated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency, which is referred to as the EPA, under the Clean Air Act effective October 31, 2006. The EPA’s decision not to regulate emissions of mercury or asbestos in the Maximum Achievable Control Technology Rule is the subject of a court remand, and the outcome cannot be predicted.
 
Further, Cliffs is subject to a variety of potential liability exposures arising at certain sites where Cliffs does not currently conduct operations. These sites include sites where Cliffs formerly conducted iron ore mining or processing or other operations, inactive sites that Cliffs currently owns, predecessor sites, acquired sites, leased land sites and third-party waste disposal sites. Cliffs may be named as a responsible party at other sites in the future and Cliffs cannot be certain that the costs associated with these additional sites will not be material.
 
Cliffs also could be held liable for any and all consequences arising out of human exposure to hazardous substances used, released or disposed of by Cliffs or other environmental damage, including damage to natural resources. In particular, Cliffs and certain of its subsidiaries are involved in various claims relating to the exposure of asbestos and silica to seamen who sailed on the Great Lakes vessels formerly owned and operated by certain of Cliffs’ subsidiaries. The full impact of these claims, as well as whether insurance coverage will be sufficient and whether other defendants named in these claims will be able to fund any costs arising out of these claims, continues to be unknown.
 
Underground mining is subject to increased safety regulation and may require Cliffs to incur additional cost.
 
Recent mine disasters have led to the enactment and consideration of significant new federal and state laws and regulations relating to safety in underground coal mines. These laws and regulations include requirements for constructing and maintaining caches for the storage of additional self-contained self rescuers throughout underground mines; installing rescue chambers in underground mines; constant tracking of and communication with personnel in the mines; installing cable lifelines from the mine portal to all sections of the mine to assist in emergency escape; submission and approval of emergency response plans; and new and additional safety training. Additionally, new requirements for the prompt reporting of accidents and increased fines and penalties for violations of these and existing regulations have been implemented. These new laws and regulations may cause Cliffs to incur substantial additional costs, which may adversely impact its operating performance.
 
Coal mining is complex due to geological characteristics of the region.
 
The geological characteristics of coal reserves, such as depth of overburden and coal seam thickness, make them complex and costly to mine. As mines become depleted, replacement reserves may not be available when required or, if available, may not be capable of being mined at costs comparable to those characteristic of the depleting mines. These factors could materially adversely affect the mining operations and cost structures of, and customers’ ability to use coal produced.
 
Cliffs’ profitability could be negatively affected if it fails to maintain satisfactory labor relations.
 
The United Steelworkers, which is referred to as the USW, represents all hourly employees at Cliffs’ North American Iron Ore locations except for Northshore. The United Mineworkers of America, which is referred to as UMWA, represents hourly employees at Cliffs’ North American Coal locations. Cliffs has entered into an agreement with the USW on a new four-year labor contract to replace the labor agreement that expired on September 1, 2008 and that will cover approximately 2,300 USW-represented workers at Empire and Tilden mines in Michigan, and its United Taconite and Hibbing mines in Minnesota. A five-year agreement runs until March 2009 with Cliffs’ Canadian work force. The current UMWA agreement runs through 2011 at Cliffs’ coal locations. Hourly employees at the Cliffs owned railroads that transport products among its facilities are represented by multiple unions with labor agreements that expire at various dates. If the collective bargaining agreements relating to the employees at Cliffs’ mines or railroads are not successfully renegotiated prior to their expiration, Cliffs could face work stoppages or labor strikes.


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Cliffs may encounter labor shortages for critical operational positions, which could affect its ability to produce iron ore products.
 
At many of Cliffs’ mining locations, many of its mining operational employees are approaching retirement age. As these experienced employees retire, Cliffs may have difficulty replacing them at competitive wages. As a result, wages are increasing to address the turnover.
 
Cliffs’ profitability could be affected by the failure of outside contractors to perform.
 
Portman and Sonoma use contractors to handle many of the operational phases of their mining and processing operations and therefore are subject to the performance of outside companies on key production areas.
 
Cliffs’ failure to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting may not allow it to accurately report its financial results, which could cause Cliffs’ financial statements to become materially misleading and adversely affect the trading price of Cliffs common shares.
 
Cliffs requires effective internal control over financial reporting in order to provide reasonable assurance with respect to its financial reports and to effectively prevent fraud. Internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements because of its inherent limitations, including the possibility of human error, the circumvention or overriding of controls, or fraud. Therefore, even effective internal controls can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to the preparation and fair presentation of financial statements. If Cliffs cannot provide reasonable assurance with respect to its financial statements and effectively prevent fraud, Cliffs’ financial statements could become materially misleading, which could adversely affect the trading price of Cliffs common shares. Implementing new internal controls and testing the internal control framework will require the dedication of additional resources, management time and expense. If Cliffs fails to maintain an effective internal control environment and perform timely testing, Cliffs could have a material weakness with its internal control over financial reporting. If Cliffs has a material weakness, or a weak control environment, its business, financial condition and operating results could be materially impacted.
 
Cliffs may be unable to successfully identify, acquire and integrate strategic acquisition candidates.
 
Cliffs’ ability to grow successfully through acquisitions depends upon its ability to identify, negotiate, complete and integrate suitable acquisitions and to obtain necessary financing. It is possible that Cliffs will be unable to successfully complete potential acquisitions. In addition, the costs of acquiring other businesses could increase if competition for acquisition candidates increases. Additionally, the success of an acquisition is subject to other risks and uncertainties, including Cliffs’ ability to realize operating efficiencies expected from an acquisition, the size or quality of the resource, delays in realizing the benefits of an acquisition, difficulties in retaining key employees, customers or suppliers of the acquired businesses, difficulties in maintaining uniform controls, procedures, standards and policies throughout acquired companies, the risks associated with the assumption of contingent or undisclosed liabilities of acquisition targets, the impact of changes to Cliffs’ allocation of purchase price, and the ability to generate future cash flows or the availability of financing.
 
Cliffs is subject to risks involving operations in multiple countries.
 
Cliffs has a strategy to broaden its scope as a supplier of iron ore and other raw materials to the integrated steel industry in North American and international markets. As Cliffs expands beyond its traditional North American base business, it will be subject to additional risks beyond those risks relating to its North American operations, such as currency fluctuations; legal and tax limitations on Cliffs’ ability to repatriate earnings in a tax-efficient manner; potential negative international impacts resulting from U.S. foreign and domestic policies, including government embargoes or foreign trade restrictions; the imposition of duties, tariffs, import and export controls and other trade barriers impacting the seaborne iron ore and coal markets; difficulties in staffing and managing multi-national operations; and uncertainties in the enforcement of legal rights and remedies in multiple jurisdictions. If Cliffs is unable to manage successfully the risks associated with expanding its global business, these risks could have a material adverse effect on its business, results of operations or financial condition.


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Cliffs is subject to a variety of market risks.
 
These risks include those caused by changes in the value of equity investments, changes in commodity prices, interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates. Cliffs has established policies and procedures to manage such risks, however certain risks are beyond its control.
 
Risks Relating to the Combined Company’s Operations After Consummation of the Merger
 
In addition to the risks associated with the respective businesses of Cliffs (see “— Risks Associated with the Cliffs Business” beginning on page 30) and Alpha (which are incorporated by reference from Alpha’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2007), the following risks should be considered because they will affect the combined company.
 
Cliffs will take on substantial additional indebtedness to finance the merger, which may decrease the combined company’s business flexibility and increase its borrowing costs
 
Upon completion of the merger, Cliffs will incur approximately $2 billion in additional indebtedness, and will have consolidated indebtedness that will be substantially greater than its indebtedness prior to the merger. The increased indebtedness and higher debt-to-equity ratio of the combined company in comparison to that of Cliffs immediately prior to the merger may have the effect, among other things, of reducing the flexibility of the combined company to respond to changing business and economic conditions and increasing borrowing costs.
 
Competition within the coal industry may adversely affect the combined company’s ability to sell coal.
 
Coal with lower production costs shipped east from Western coal mines and from offshore sources has resulted in increased competition for coal sales in the Appalachian region. This competition could result in a decrease in the combined company’s market share in this region and a decrease in the combined company’s revenues.
 
Demand for the combined company’s high sulfur coal and the price that the combined company can obtain for it will be impacted by, among other things, the changing laws with respect to allowable emissions and the price of emission allowances. Significant increases in the price of those allowances could reduce the competitiveness of high sulfur coal at plants not equipped to reduce sulfur dioxide emissions. Competition from low sulfur coal and possibly natural gas could result in a decrease in the combined company’s high-sulfur coal market share and revenues from those operations.
 
Overcapacity in the coal industry, both domestically and internationally, may affect the price the combined company will receive for its coal. For example, during the 1970s and early 1980s, increased demand for coal and attractive pricing brought new investors to the coal industry and promoted the development of new mines. These factors resulted in added production capacity throughout the industry, which led to increased competition and lower coal prices. Continued coal pricing at relatively high levels, compared to historical levels, could encourage the development of expanded capacity by new or existing coal producers. Any overcapacity could reduce coal prices in the future.
 
The demand for U.S. coal exports is dependent upon a number of factors outside of the combined company’s control, including the overall demand for electricity in foreign markets, currency exchange rates, ocean freight rates, the demand for foreign-produced steel both in foreign markets and in the U.S. market (which is dependent in part on tariff rates on steel), general economic conditions in foreign countries, technological developments, and environmental and other governmental regulations. If foreign demand for U.S. coal were to decline, this decline could cause competition among coal producers in the United States to intensify, potentially resulting in downward pressure on domestic coal prices.


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CAUTIONARY STATEMENT CONCERNING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
 
This joint proxy statement/prospectus, including information and other documents incorporated by reference into this joint proxy statement/prospectus, contains or incorporates by reference or may contain or may incorporate by reference “forward-looking statements” that have been made pursuant to the provisions of, and in reliance on the safe harbor under, the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These forward-looking statements, which can be found at various places throughout this joint proxy statement/prospectus and the other documents incorporated by reference in this joint proxy statement/prospectus, are not historical facts, but rather are based on current expectations, estimates and projections. Words such as “anticipates,” “expects,” “intends,” “plans,” “believes,” “seeks,” “could,” “should,” “will,” “projects,” “estimates” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. These statements are not guarantees of future performance and are subject to risks, uncertainties and other factors, some of which are beyond Cliffs’ and Alpha’s control, are difficult to predict and could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed or forecasted in the forward-looking statements. In that event, Cliffs’ or Alpha’s business, financial condition or results of operations could be materially adversely affected, and investors in Cliffs’ or Alpha’s securities could lose part or all of their investment. You should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date of this joint proxy statement/prospectus or, in the case of documents incorporated by reference, the date referenced in those documents. We are not obligated to update these statements or publicly release the result of any revision to them to reflect events or circumstances after the date of this joint proxy statement/prospectus or, in the case of documents incorporated by reference, the date referenced in those documents, or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events.
 
You should understand that the risks, uncertainties, factors and assumptions listed and discussed in this joint proxy statement/prospectus, including those set forth under the headings “Risk Factors” beginning on page 27 and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations of Cliffs — Market Risks” beginning on page 167; the risks discussed in Cliffs’ Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2007, in Item 7A “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk”; the risks discussed in Alpha’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2007, in item 7A “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk,” and Alpha’s quarterly report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2008, in Item 3 “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk”; and the following important factors and assumptions, could affect the future results of the combined company following the merger, or the future results of Cliffs and Alpha if the merger does not occur, and could cause actual results or other outcomes to differ materially from those expressed or implied in any forward-looking statements:
 
  •  the ability of Cliffs to integrate the Alpha businesses with Cliffs’ businesses and achieve the expected benefits from the merger;
 
  •  the adoption of the merger agreement at the Alpha special meeting;
 
  •  the adoption of the merger agreement and approval of the issuance of Cliffs common shares in connection with the merger at the Cliffs special meeting;
 
  •  the timing of the completion of the merger;
 
  •  the actual financial position and results of operations of the combined company following the merger, which may differ significantly from the pro forma financial data contained in this joint proxy statement/prospectus;
 
  •  changes in demand for iron ore pellets by North American integrated steel producers, or changes in Asian iron ore demand due to changes in steel utilization rates, operational factors, electric furnace production or imports into the United States and Canada of semi-finished steel or pig iron;
 
  •  the impact of consolidation and rationalization in the steel industry;
 
  •  timing of changes in customer coal inventories;
 
  •  changes in, renewal of and acquiring new long-term coal supply arrangements;
 
  •  inherent risks of coal mining beyond the combined company’s control;
 
  •  competition in coal markets;
 
  •  railroad, barge, truck and other transportation performance and costs;


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  •  the geological characteristics of Central and Northern Appalachian coal reserves;
 
  •  availability of mining and processing equipment and parts;
 
  •  the combined company’s assumptions concerning economically recoverable coal reserve estimates;
 
  •  environmental laws, including those directly affecting coal mining production, and those affecting customers’ coal usage;
 
  •  liability for litigation, administrative actions, and similar disputes;
 
  •  inability to timely obtain permits, comply with government regulations or make capital expenditures required to maintain compliance; and
 
  •  changes in laws and regulations.
 
THE ALPHA SPECIAL MEETING
 
General
 
This joint proxy statement/prospectus is being provided to Alpha stockholders as part of a solicitation of proxies by the Alpha board of directors for use at the special meeting of Alpha stockholders and at any adjournment thereof. This joint proxy statement/prospectus is first being furnished to stockholders of Alpha on or about October 23, 2008. In addition, this joint proxy statement/prospectus is being furnished to Alpha stockholders as a prospectus for Cliffs in connection with the issuance by Cliffs of its common shares to Alpha stockholders in connection with the merger. This joint proxy statement/prospectus provides Alpha stockholders with information they need to know to be able to vote or instruct their vote to be cast at the special meeting of Alpha stockholders.
 
Date, Time and Place of the Alpha Special Meeting
 
The special meeting of Alpha stockholders will be held at the offices of Alpha located at One Alpha Place, Abingdon, Virginia 24212, on November 21, 2008, at 11 a.m. E.T.
 
Purposes of the Alpha Special Meeting
 
At the Alpha special meeting, Alpha’s stockholders will be asked:
 
  •  to adopt the merger agreement; and
 
  •  to approve adjournments of the Alpha special meeting if necessary to permit further solicitation of proxies if there are not sufficient votes at the time of the Alpha special meeting to approve the proposal to adopt the merger agreement.
 
Record Date; Outstanding Shares; Shares Entitled to Vote
 
The record date for the meeting for Alpha stockholders is October 10, 2008. This means that you must have been a stockholder of record of Alpha common stock at the close of business on October 10, 2008, in order to vote at the special meeting. You are entitled to one vote for each share of common stock you own. On Alpha’s record date, there were 70,495,814 shares of Alpha common stock outstanding and entitled to vote.
 
A complete list of Alpha stockholders entitled to vote at the Alpha special meeting will be available for inspection at the principal place of business of Alpha during regular business hours for a period of no less than ten days before the special meeting and at the place of the Alpha special meeting during the meeting.
 
Quorum and Vote Required
 
A quorum of stockholders is necessary to hold a valid special meeting of Alpha. The required quorum for the transaction of business at the Alpha special meeting is a majority of the issued and outstanding shares of Alpha common stock entitled to vote and present at the special meeting, whether in person or by proxy. The abstentions will be counted in determining whether a quorum is present at the special meeting. As for broker non-votes, Alpha expects that there will be practical impediments that will prevent it from counting them for purposes of a quorum at the Alpha special meeting because Alpha does not anticipate that there will be any “routine matters” on the agenda for the Alpha special meeting.


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Adoption of the merger agreement requires the affirmative vote of at least a majority of the outstanding shares of Alpha common stock entitled to vote. The required vote of Alpha stockholders on the merger agreement is based upon the number of outstanding shares of Alpha common stock, and not the number of shares that are actually voted. Accordingly, the failure to submit a proxy card or to vote in person at the Alpha special meeting or the abstention from voting by Alpha stockholders, or the failure of any Alpha stockholder who holds shares in “street name” through a bank or broker to give voting instructions to such bank or broker, will have the same effect as a vote against the adoption of the merger agreement.
 
To approve any adjournment of the Alpha special meeting, if necessary, to permit further solicitation of proxies if there are not sufficient votes at the time of the Alpha special meeting to approve the proposal to adopt the merger agreement, the affirmative vote of a majority of the shares of Alpha common stock present in person or represented by proxy and entitled to vote at the Alpha special meeting is required regardless of whether or not a quorum is present. Abstentions will have the same effect as a vote against the proposal to adjourn the special meeting, while broker non-votes and shares not in attendance at the special meeting will have no effect on the outcome of any vote to adjourn the special meeting.
 
ITEM 1 — THE MERGER
 
As discussed elsewhere in this joint proxy statement/prospectus, Alpha stockholders are considering and voting on a proposal to adopt the merger agreement. You should carefully read this joint proxy statement/prospectus in its entirety for more detailed information concerning the transactions contemplated by the merger agreement, including the merger. In particular, you are directed to the merger agreement, which is attached as Annex A to this joint proxy statement/prospectus.
 
The Alpha board of directors recommends that Alpha stockholders vote for the adoption of the merger agreement, and your properly signed and dated proxy will be so voted unless you specify otherwise.
 
ITEM 2 — APPROVE ADJOURNMENT OF THE SPECIAL MEETING, IF NECESSARY, TO PERMIT FURTHER SOLICITATION OF PROXIES IF THERE ARE NOT SUFFICIENT VOTES AT THE TIME OF THE ALPHA SPECIAL MEETING TO APPROVE THE PROPOSAL TO ADOPT THE MERGER AGREEMENT
 
Alpha stockholders may be asked to vote on a proposal to adjourn the Alpha special meeting, if necessary, to permit further solicitation of proxies if there are not sufficient votes at the time of the Alpha special meeting to approve the proposal to adopt the merger agreement.
 
The Alpha board of directors recommends that Alpha stockholders vote for the proposal to adjourn the Alpha special meeting under certain circumstances, and your properly signed and dated proxy will be so voted unless you specify otherwise.
 
Stock Ownership and Voting by Alpha’s Directors and Executive Officers
 
As of the record date for the Alpha special meeting, Alpha’s directors and executive officers had the right to vote approximately 651,036 shares of the then outstanding Alpha voting stock at the Alpha special meeting. As of the record date of the Alpha special meeting, these shares represented 0.92% of the Alpha common stock outstanding and entitled to vote at the meeting. We currently expect that Alpha’s directors and executive officers will vote their shares for approval and adoption of the merger agreement, although none of them has entered into any agreement requiring them to do so.
 
How to Vote
 
You may vote in person at the Alpha special meeting or by proxy. Alpha recommends you submit your proxy even if you plan to attend the special meeting. If you vote by proxy, you may change your vote if you attend and vote at the special meeting.
 
If you own common stock in your own name, you are an “owner of record.” This means that you may use the enclosed proxy card(s) to tell the persons named as proxies how to vote your shares. If you properly complete, sign and date your proxy card(s) or submit your proxy by telephone or over the Internet, your proxy will be voted in accordance with your instructions. The named proxies will vote all shares at the meeting for which proxies have been properly submitted (whether by mail, telephone or over the Internet) and not revoked. If you sign and return


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your proxy card(s) but do not mark your card(s) to tell the proxies how to vote your shares on each proposal, your proxy will be voted as recommended by the Alpha board of directors.
 
If you hold shares of Alpha common stock in a stock brokerage account or through a bank, broker or other nominee, or, in other words, in “street name,” please follow the voting instructions provided by that entity. With respect to the proposal to adopt the merger agreement, if you do not instruct your bank, broker or other nominee how to vote your shares, your bank, broker or other nominee will not be authorized to vote with respect to this proposal and a broker non-vote will occur, which will have the same effect as a vote against the adoption of the merger agreement. In addition, if you do not instruct your bank, broker or other nominee how to vote your shares with respect to the proposal to adjourn the meeting to solicit further proxies to approve the proposal to adopt the merger agreement, a broker non-vote will occur.
 
If you abstain from voting with respect to the proposal to adopt the merger agreement, it will have the same effect as a vote against the adoption of the merger agreement. With respect to the proposal to adjourn the meeting to solicit further proxies to approve the proposal to adopt the merger agreement, your abstention will have the same effect as a vote against the proposal to adjourn the special meeting.
 
If you are an “owner of record,” you have three voting options:
 
  •  Internet:  You can vote over the Internet at the Web address shown on your proxy card (http://www.cesvote.com). Internet voting is available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. If you vote over the Internet, do not return your proxy card(s).
 
  •  Telephone:  In the U.S., Canada and Puerto Rico, you can vote by telephone by calling the toll-free number on your proxy card(s). Telephone voting is available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Easy-to-follow voice prompts allow you to vote your shares and confirm that your instructions have been properly recorded. If you vote by telephone, do not return your proxy card(s).
 
  •  Mail:  You can vote by mail by simply signing, dating and mailing your proxy card(s) in the postage-paid envelope included with this joint proxy statement/prospectus.
 
A number of banks and brokerage firms participate in a program that also permits stockholders whose shares are held in “street name” to direct their vote by telephone or over the Internet. If your shares are held in an account at a bank or brokerage firm that participates in such a program, you may direct the vote of these shares by telephone or over the Internet by following the voting instructions enclosed with the proxy form from the bank or brokerage firm. The Internet and telephone proxy procedures are designed to authenticate stockholders’ identities, to allow stockholders to give their proxy voting instructions and to confirm that those instructions have been properly recorded. Votes directed by telephone or over the Internet through such a program must be received by 11:59 p.m. E.T. on November 20, 2008. Directing the voting of your shares will not affect your right to vote in person if you decide to attend the Alpha special meeting; however, you must first obtain a signed and properly executed legal proxy from your bank, broker or other nominee to vote your shares held in “street name” at the special meeting. Requesting a legal proxy prior to the deadline described above will automatically cancel any voting directions you have previously given by telephone or over the Internet with respect to your shares.
 
Revoking Your Proxy
 
If you are the owner of record of your shares, you can revoke your proxy at any time before its exercise by:
 
  •  sending a written notice to Alpha, at One Alpha Place, P.O. Box 2345, Abingdon, Virginia 24212, attention: Corporate Secretary, bearing a date later than the date of the proxy, that is received prior to the Alpha special meeting and states that you revoke your proxy;
 
  •  submitting your proxy again by telephone or over the Internet;
 
  •  signing another proxy card(s) bearing a later date and mailing it so that it is received prior to the special meeting; or
 
  •  attending the special meeting and voting in person, although attendance at the special meeting will not, by itself, revoke a proxy.
 
If your shares are held in “street name” by your broker, you will need to follow the instructions you receive from your broker to revoke or change your proxy.


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Other Voting Matters
 
Voting in Person
 
If you plan to attend the Alpha special meeting and wish to vote in person, we will give you a ballot at the special meeting. However, if your shares are held in “street name”, you must first obtain from your broker, bank or other nominee a legal proxy authorizing you to vote the shares in person, which you must bring with you to the special meeting.
 
Electronic Access to Proxy Materials
 
This joint proxy statement/prospectus is available on our Internet site at http://www.alphanr.com.
 
People with Disabilities
 
We can provide reasonable assistance to help you participate in the special meeting if you tell us about your disability and how you plan to attend. Please write to Alpha, at One Alpha Place, P.O. Box 2345, Abingdon, Virginia 24212, attention: Corporate Secretary, or call at (276) 619-4410.
 
Proxy Solicitations
 
Alpha is soliciting proxies for the Alpha special meeting from Alpha stockholders. Alpha will bear the entire cost of soliciting proxies from Alpha stockholders, except that Cliffs and Alpha will share equally the expenses incurred in connection with the filing with the SEC of the registration statement of which this joint proxy statement/prospectus forms a part and the printing and mailing of this joint proxy statement/prospectus. In addition to this mailing, Alpha’s directors, officers and employees (who will not receive any additional compensation for their services) may solicit proxies personally, electronically or by telephone. Alpha has also engaged D.F. King & Co., Inc., to assist in the solicitation of proxies for a fee estimated not to exceed $50,000, plus reimbursement of expenses. Alpha and its proxy solicitors will also request that banks, brokerage houses and other custodians, nominees and fiduciaries send proxy materials to the beneficial owners of Alpha common stock and will, if requested, reimburse the record holders for their reasonable out-of-pocket expenses in doing so.
 
Stockholders should not submit any stock certificates with their proxy cards.  A transmittal form with instructions for the surrender of certificates representing shares of common stock or book-entry shares of common stock, as applicable, will be mailed to shares holders if the merger is completed.
 
Other Business
 
Alpha is not aware of any other business to be acted upon at the special meeting. If, however, other matters are properly brought before the Alpha special meeting, your proxies will have discretion to vote or act on those matters according to their best judgment and they intend to vote the shares as the Alpha board of directors may recommend.
 
Assistance
 
If you need assistance in completing your proxy card or have questions regarding Alpha’s special meeting, please contact D.F. King & Co., Inc., 48 Wall Street, 22nd Floor, New York, New York 10005, banks and brokers call collect: (212) 269-5550, all others call toll-free: (888) 887-0082.


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THE CLIFFS SPECIAL MEETING
 
General
 
This joint proxy statement/prospectus is being provided to Cliffs shareholders as part of a solicitation of proxies by the Cliffs board of directors for use at the special meeting of Cliffs shareholders and at any adjournments or postponements thereof. This joint proxy statement/prospectus is first being furnished to shareholders of Cliffs on or about October 23, 2008. This joint proxy statement/prospectus provides Cliffs shareholders with information they need to know to be able to vote or instruct their vote to be cast at the special meeting of Cliffs shareholders.
 
Date, Time and Place of the Cliffs Special Meeting
 
The special meeting of Cliffs shareholders will be held at The Forum Conference Center located at One Cleveland Center, 1375 East Ninth Street, Cleveland, Ohio 44114, on November 21, 2008, at 11 a.m. E.T.
 
Purposes of the Cliffs Special Meeting
 
At the Cliffs special meeting, Cliffs shareholders will be asked:
 
  •  to adopt the merger agreement and approve the issuance of Cliffs common shares pursuant to the terms of the merger agreement;
 
  •  to approve the adjournment or postponement of the Cliffs special meeting, if necessary, to permit further solicitation of proxies if there are not sufficient votes at the time of the Cliffs special meeting to adopt the merger agreement and approve the proposal to issue Cliffs common shares pursuant to the terms of the merger agreement; and
 
  •  to consider and take action upon any other business that may properly come before the Cliffs special meeting or any reconvened meeting following an adjournment or postponement of the Cliffs special meeting.
 
Record Date; Outstanding Shares; Shares Entitled to Vote
 
The record date for the meeting for Cliffs shareholders is October 6, 2008. This means that you must have been a holder of record of Cliffs’ common shares or Series A-2 preferred stock at the close of business on October 6, 2008, in order to vote at the special meeting. You are entitled to one vote for each common share and each share of Series A-2 preferred stock you own. On Cliffs’ record date, Cliffs’ voting securities carried 113,502,668 votes, which consisted of 13,502,463 common shares (excluding 21,121,065 shares of treasury stock) and 205 shares of Series A-2 preferred stock.
 
A complete list of Cliffs shareholders entitled to vote at the Cliffs special meeting will be available for inspection at the principal place of business of Cliffs during regular business hours for a period of no less than ten days before the special meeting and at the place of the Cliffs special meeting during the meeting.
 
Quorum and Vote Required
 
A quorum of shareholders is necessary to hold a valid special meeting of Cliffs. The holders of a majority of the stock issued and outstanding and entitled to vote at the special meeting, present in person or represented by proxy, will constitute a quorum at the special meeting of the shareholders for the transaction of business at the meeting (with Cliffs common shares and Series A-2 preferred stock considered together as a single class). Abstentions will be counted in determining whether a quorum is present at the special meeting. As for broker non-votes, Cliffs expects that there will be practical impediments that will prevent Cliffs from counting the broker non-votes for purposes of a quorum at the Cliffs special meeting because Cliffs does not anticipate that there will be any “routine matters” on the agenda for such meeting.
 
The adoption of the merger agreement and approval of the issuance of Cliffs common shares pursuant to the terms of the merger agreement requires the approval of at least two-thirds of the votes entitled to be cast by the holders of outstanding common shares and Series A-2 preferred stock of Cliffs, voting together as a class. Accordingly, the failure to submit a proxy card or to vote in person at the Cliffs special meeting or the abstention


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from voting by Cliffs shareholders, or the failure of any Cliffs shareholder who holds shares in “street name” through a bank or broker to give voting instructions to such bank or broker, will have the same effect as a vote against the proposal to adopt the merger agreement and approve the issuance of Cliffs common shares in connection with the merger.
 
The former owners of PinnOak, which, held, collectively, as of the record date, 4,000,000 common shares of Cliffs, or approximately 3.5% of all of the common shares of Cliffs issued and outstanding as of the record date, and United Mining, which held as of the record date 4,311,471 common shares of Cliffs, or approximately 3.8% of the then issued and outstanding common shares of Cliffs, each entered into separate voting agreements with Cliffs, pursuant to which they have agreed, among other things, to vote their respective common shares of Cliffs in favor of the adoption of the merger agreement and the approval of the transactions contemplated thereby, including the merger.
 
To approve any adjournments or postponement of the Cliffs special meeting, if necessary, to permit further solicitation of proxies if there are not sufficient votes at the time of the Cliffs special meeting to adopt the merger agreement and approve the issuance of Cliffs common shares, the affirmative vote of a majority of the voting shares represented at the special meeting is required, regardless of whether or not a quorum is present. Abstentions will have the same effect as a vote against the proposal to adjourn or postpone the special meeting, while broker non-votes and shares not in attendance at the special meeting will have no effect on the outcome of any vote to adjourn or postpone the special meeting.
 
ITEM 1 — THE ADOPTION OF THE MERGER AGREEMENT AND THE ISSUANCE OF CLIFFS COMMON SHARES PURSUANT TO THE MERGER AGREEMENT
 
As discussed elsewhere in this joint proxy statement/prospectus, Cliffs shareholders are considering and voting on a proposal to adopt the merger agreement and approve the issuance of common shares of Cliffs pursuant to the terms of the merger agreement. Cliffs shareholders should read carefully this joint proxy statement/prospectus in its entirety for more detailed information concerning the transactions contemplated by the merger agreement, including the merger. In particular, Cliffs shareholders are directed to the merger agreement, which is attached as Annex A to this joint proxy statement/prospectus.
 
The Cliffs board of directors recommends that Cliffs shareholders vote for the adoption of the merger agreement and the approval of the issuance of common shares pursuant to the merger and your properly signed and dated proxy will be so voted unless you specify otherwise.
 
ITEM 2 — APPROVE ADJOURNMENT OR POSTPONEMENT OF THE SPECIAL MEETING, IF NECESSARY, TO PERMIT FURTHER SOLICITATION OF PROXIES IF THERE ARE NOT SUFFICIENT VOTES AT THE TIME OF THE CLIFFS SPECIAL MEETING TO APPROVE THE PROPOSAL TO ADOPT THE MERGER AGREEMENT AND ISSUE CLIFFS COMMON SHARES IN CONNECTION WITH THE MERGER
 
Cliffs shareholders may be asked to vote on a proposal to adjourn or postpone the Cliffs special meeting, if necessary, to permit further solicitation of proxies if there are not sufficient votes at the time of the Cliffs special meeting to approve the proposal to adopt the merger agreement and issue common shares of Cliffs pursuant to the terms of the merger agreement.
 
The Cliffs board of directors recommends that Cliffs shareholders vote for the proposal to adjourn or postpone the Cliffs special meeting under certain circumstances, and your properly signed and dated proxy will be so voted unless you specify otherwise.
 
Share Ownership and Voting by Cliffs’ Directors and Executive Officers
 
As of the record date for the Cliffs special meeting, Cliffs’ directors and executive officers had the right to vote approximately 1,574,181 shares of the then outstanding Cliffs voting stock at the Cliffs special meeting. As of the record date of the Cliffs special meeting, these shares represented approximately 1.39% of the Cliffs common shares outstanding and entitled to vote at the meeting. We currently expect that Cliffs’ directors and executive officers will vote their shares for the adoption of the merger agreement and the approval of the issuance of Cliffs common shares in connection with the merger, although none of them has entered into any agreement requiring them to do so.


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How to Vote
 
You may vote in person at the Cliffs special meeting or by proxy. Cliffs recommends you submit your proxy even if you plan to attend the special meeting. If you submit your proxy, you may change your vote if you attend and vote at the special meeting.
 
If you own stock in your own name, you are an “owner of record.” This means that you may use the enclosed proxy card(s) to tell the persons named as proxies how to vote your shares. If you properly complete, sign and date your proxy card(s) or submit your proxy by telephone or over the Internet, your proxy will be voted in accordance with your instructions. The named proxies will vote all shares at the meeting for which proxies have been properly submitted (whether by mail, telephone or over the Internet) and not revoked. If you sign and return your proxy card(s) but do not mark your card(s) to tell the proxies how to vote your shares on each proposal, your proxy will be voted as recommended by the Cliffs board of directors.
 
If you hold Cliffs shares in a stock brokerage account or through a bank, broker or other nominee, or, in other words, in “street name,” please follow the voting instructions provided by that entity. With respect to the proposal relating to the adoption of the merger agreement and the approval of the issuance of Cliffs common shares pursuant to the merger agreement, if you do not instruct your bank, broker or other nominee how to vote your shares, your bank, broker or other nominee will not be authorized to vote with respect to the proposal to adopt the merger agreement and approve the issuance of Cliffs common shares in the merger, and a broker non-vote will occur. This will have the same effect as the vote against the proposal to adopt the merger agreement and approve the issuance of Cliffs common shares in the merger. In addition, if you do not instruct your bank, broker or other nominee how to vote your shares with respect to the proposal to adjourn or postpone the meeting to solicit further proxies to approve the proposal to adopt the merger agreement and approve the issuance of Cliffs common shares pursuant to the merger agreement, a broker non-vote will occur.
 
If you abstain from voting with respect to the proposal to the issuance of Cliffs common shares pursuant to the merger agreement, your abstention will have the same effect as a vote against the proposal to adopt the merger agreement and approve the issuance of Cliffs common shares in the merger. With respect to the proposal to adjourn or postpone the meeting to solicit further proxies to approve the proposal to adopt the merger agreement and approve the issuance of Cliffs common shares in the merger, your abstention will have the same effect as a vote againstthe proposal to adjourn or postpone the special meeting, whether the quorum is present or not.
 
If you are an “owner of record,” you have three voting options:
 
  •  Internet:  You can vote over the Internet at the Web address shown on your proxy card(s). You will be prompted to enter your Control Number from your proxy card. This number will identify you as a shareholder of record. Follow the simple instructions that will be given to you to record your vote. If you vote over the Internet, do not return your proxy card(s).
 
  •  Telephone:  You can vote by telephone by calling the toll-free number on your proxy card(s). You will be prompted to enter your Control Number from your proxy card. This number will identify you as a shareholder of record. Follow the simple instructions that will be given to you to record your vote. If you vote by telephone, do not return your proxy card(s).
 
  •  Mail:  You can vote by mail by simply signing, dating and mailing your proxy card(s) in the postage-paid envelope included with this joint proxy statement/prospectus.
 
A number of banks and brokerage firms participate in a program that also permits shareholders whose shares are held in “street name” to direct their vote by telephone or over the Internet. If your shares are held in an account at a bank or brokerage firm that participates in such a program, you may direct the vote of these shares by telephone or over the Internet by following the voting instructions enclosed with the proxy form from the bank or brokerage firm. The Internet and telephone proxy procedures are designed to authenticate shareholders’ identities, to allow shareholders to give their proxy voting instructions and to confirm that those instructions have been properly recorded. Directing the voting of your shares will not affect your right to vote in person if you decide to attend the Cliffs special meeting; however, you must first obtain a signed and properly executed legal proxy from your bank, broker or other nominee to vote your shares held in “street name” at your special meeting. Requesting a legal proxy


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will automatically cancel any voting directions you have previously given by telephone or over the Internet with respect to your shares.
 
Special Instructions for Northshore Mining Company and Silver Bay Power Company Retirement Savings Plan Participants.  Each participant in the Northshore Mining Company and Silver Bay Power Company Retirement Savings Plan, or the Northshore and Silver Bay Plan, has the right to instruct the trustee of the Northshore and Silver Bay Plan as to how to have the shares held in such participant’s plan account voted at the Cliffs special meeting. The Northshore and Silver Bay Plan participants cannot vote their Northshore and Silver Bay Plan shares directly; they can only direct the trustee how to vote those shares. The Northshore and Silver Bay Plan participants must return their instructions to the trustee on the enclosed proxy card by no later than the time and date specified in the enclosed proxy card. If the Northshore and Silver Bay Plan participants do not return timely instructions to the Northshore and Silver Bay Plan trustee as to how to vote their shares or if the proxy card is unsigned, the shares of such Northshore and Silver Bay Plan participants will not be voted. Therefore, it is very important that participants in the Northshore and Silver Bay Plan provide the trustee with prompt and proper instructions. The Cliffs board of directors urges the Northshore and Silver Bay Plan participants to instruct the trustee to vote their shares FOR the proposals set forth in the proxy card.
 
Revoking Your Proxy
 
If you are the owner of record of your shares, you can revoke your proxy at any time before its exercise by:
 
  •  sending a written notice to Cliffs, at 1100 Superior Avenue East, Suite 1500, Cleveland, Ohio 44114, attention: Corporate Secretary, bearing a date later than the date of the proxy that is received prior to the Cliffs special meeting and states that you revoke your proxy;
 
  •  submitting your proxy again by telephone or over the Internet;
 
  •  signing another proxy card(s) bearing a later date and mailing it so that it is received prior to the special meeting; or
 
  •  attending the special meeting and voting in person, although attendance at the special meeting will not, by itself, revoke a proxy.
 
If your shares are held in “street name” by your broker, you will need to follow the instructions you receive from your broker to revoke or change your proxy.
 
Other Voting Matters
 
Voting in Person
 
If you plan to attend the Cliffs special meeting and wish to vote in person, we will give you a ballot at the special meeting. However, if your shares are held in “street name”, you must first obtain a legal proxy from your broker, bank or other nominee authorizing you to vote the shares in person, which you must bring with you to the special meeting.
 
Electronic Access to Proxy Material
 
This joint proxy statement/prospectus is available on our Internet site at http://www.cliffsnaturalresources.com.
 
People with Disabilities
 
We can provide you with reasonable assistance to help you participate in the special meeting if you tell us about your disability and how you plan to attend. Please write to Cliffs, at 1100 Superior Avenue East, Suite 1500, Cleveland, Ohio 44114, attention: Corporate Secretary, or call at (216) 694-5700, at least two weeks before the special meeting.


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Proxy Solicitations
 
Cliffs is soliciting proxies for the Cliffs special meeting from Cliffs shareholders. Cliffs will bear the entire cost of soliciting proxies from Cliffs shareholders, except that Cliffs and Alpha will share equally the expenses incurred in connection with the filing with the SEC of the registration statement of which this joint proxy statement/prospectus forms a part and the printing and mailing of this joint proxy statement/prospectus. In addition to this mailing, Cliffs’ directors, officers and employees (who will not receive any additional compensation for their services) may solicit proxies personally, electronically or by telephone. Cliffs has also engaged Innisfree M&A Incorporated to assist in the solicitation of proxies for a fee not to exceed $400,000 plus reimbursement of expenses, including phone calls. Cliffs and its proxy solicitors will also request that banks, brokerage houses and other custodians, nominees and fiduciaries send proxy materials to the beneficial owners of Cliffs common shares and will, if requested, reimburse the record holders for their reasonable out-of-pocket expenses in doing so.
 
Other Business
 
Cliffs is not aware of any other business to be acted upon at the special meeting. If, however, other matters are properly brought before the special meeting, your proxies will have discretion to vote or act on those matters according to their best judgment and they intend to vote the shares as the Cliffs board of directors may recommend.
 
Assistance
 
If you need assistance in completing your proxy card or have questions regarding Cliffs’ special meeting, please contact Innisfree M&A Incorporated, 501 Madison Avenue, 20th Floor, New York, NY 10022, shareholders may call toll-free: (877) 456-3507, banks and brokers call collect: (212) 750-5833.
 
THE MERGER
 
General
 
Pursuant to the merger agreement, merger sub (which has been renamed Alpha Merger Sub, Inc. effective August 11, 2008) will merge with and into Alpha (or, under certain circumstances as described in Annex G, merger sub will be converted from a Delaware corporation into a Delaware limited liability company, Alpha Merger Sub, LLC, and Alpha will merge with and into Alpha Merger Sub, LLC). As a result of the merger, Alpha will become wholly owned by Cliffs.
 
Background of the Merger
 
As part of the continuous evaluation of its business, Cliffs’ board of directors and management have regularly evaluated Cliffs’ business strategy and prospects for growth and considered opportunities to improve Cliffs’ operations and financial performance in order to create value for Cliffs shareholders. As part of this process Cliffs management has evaluated various opportunities to expand and diversify its business through acquisitions, and has discussed such opportunities with Cliffs’ board of directors. As part of these evaluations, the Cliffs board of directors and management on various occasions have received advice from outside financial and legal advisors.
 
During the early 2000’s, the Cliffs board of directors reviewed various options for the business and determined that a strategy of growth and diversification was the best way to generate value for Cliffs shareholders. As a result of such evaluations, Cliffs has recently effected a number of strategic transactions, including the acquisition of a controlling interest in Australian iron ore producer Portman in 2005.
 
Joseph A. Carrabba, Cliffs’ Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer, was hired by Cliffs in 2005 and became Chief Executive Officer in 2006 because of his extensive background in global diversified mining, having over two decades of experience in the industry, most recently as President and Chief Operating Officer for Diavik Diamond Mines, Inc., a subsidiary of Rio Tinto plc. Prior to his position at Diavik Diamond Mines, Inc., Mr. Carrabba served as General Manager of Weipa Bauxite Operation of Comalco Aluminum and in a variety of other positions throughout his career at Rio Tinto plc. In 2005, Mr. Carrabba led a strategic review of various minerals with the Cliffs board of directors to determine the best approach to growth and diversification.


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In early 2007, Cliffs began articulating its strategy of diversification to a broad group of investors. This communication included an evaluation of various minerals throughout the periodic table and a discussion on various geographies.
 
During the first half of 2007, Cliffs acquired 30% of Amapá, a Brazilian iron ore producer, and 45% of Sonoma, an Australian coal operation. Sonoma was Cliffs’ first acquisition of coal assets.
 
On June 14, 2007, Cliffs announced the acquisition of metallurgical coal producer PinnOak. In addition to the PinnOak transaction, Cliffs has evaluated other coal mining opportunities from time to time, including an acquisition of Alpha.
 
Alpha, in consultation with outside legal and financial advisors, regularly reviews strategic alternatives to Alpha’s stand-alone plan, including business combinations with, acquisitions of and sales to, other companies active in the metals and mining sector. In connection with and as a result of these ongoing reviews, in 2006 and 2007 Alpha engaged in preliminary or exploratory confidential discussions with several potential acquisition targets, merger partners and acquirers.
 
In 2006 and 2007, Alpha, in consultation with its outside counsel, Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Hamilton LLP, or Cleary Gottlieb, and its financial advisor, considered and engaged in exploratory discussions and due diligence with another company operating in the coal mining sector, which is referred to as Company 1, regarding a possible at-market merger of equals between Alpha and Company 1. These discussions did not result in a transaction due to disagreements relating to the relative valuation of the two companies and the appropriate allocation of management responsibilities for the combined company. As an alternative to this proposed merger of equals transaction, Company 1 made a preliminary proposal to acquire Alpha. At a special meeting of the board of directors of Alpha held on May 31, 2007, the Alpha board determined that this preliminary proposal was inadequate. Discussions between Alpha and Company 1 terminated shortly thereafter.
 
Also in 2007, Alpha, in consultation with Cleary Gottlieb and its financial advisor, considered and engaged in exploratory discussions and due diligence with a different company operating in the coal mining sector, which is referred to as Company 2, regarding a possible acquisition of Alpha by Company 2 for all-stock consideration. These discussions terminated in the summer of 2007, when Company 2 informed Alpha that it did not intend to proceed with the potential transaction because, in view of the trading prices of the stock of the respective companies, the transaction would be economically dilutive to Company 2.
 
In late spring 2007, Michael J. Quillen, Alpha’s Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, and Mr. Carrabba had a preliminary conversation regarding the general possibility of a strategic collaboration between Cliffs and Alpha.
 
During the spring and summer of 2007, Cliffs and Alpha discussed the possibility of a stock-for-stock transaction in which Cliffs would have acquired all of the common stock of Alpha at an implied premium to Alpha’s trading price. As part of those discussions, the parties entered into a confidentiality agreement on June 21, 2007, which contained reciprocal standstill obligations of the parties for a period of 18 months, subject to specified exceptions.
 
During July and August 2007, Alpha and Cliffs and their respective financial and legal advisors conducted reciprocal due diligence investigations and engaged in further discussions regarding the terms of this potential all-stock transaction. The discussions did not progress beyond preliminary analyses of the economics of an exchange ratio and the structure of the transaction and the post-transaction governance arrangements.
 
On August 9, 2007, Cliffs management and the members of the board of directors held a board meeting. Representatives of Cliffs’ outside counsel, Jones Day, and other outside advisors participated in the meetings. At the meeting, management and the board conducted a strategic review of the global coal industry and potential opportunities in the coal space. At the conclusion of the meeting, the Cliffs board of directors authorized management to continue pursuing a possible merger transaction with Alpha.
 
On September 11, 2007, Cliffs’ management and board of directors, at a regularly scheduled meeting, further discussed a potential transaction with Alpha. The Cliffs board of directors determined that it was not the right time to pursue a potential transaction with Alpha.


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On September 18, 2007, Mr. Carrabba notified Mr. Quillen that the Cliffs board was not prepared to proceed with the proposed business combination at that time.
 
In the course of the Alpha board’s oversight of Alpha’s discussions with Cliffs, the board considered the interests that one director of Alpha, John Brinzo, had in Cliffs as a result of his former role as Chair of Cliffs, including his receipt of a pension from Cliffs and ownership of common shares and unvested performance shares of Cliffs. Mr. Brinzo confirmed that he no longer owed any duties to Cliffs, including duties of disclosure or confidentiality, and that he would share with the Alpha board all material information in his possession relating to Cliffs. The Alpha board considered and discussed Mr. Brinzo’s former relationship with and interests relating to Cliffs from time to time at meetings in 2007 and 2008 whenever discussions turned to Alpha’s relationship with Cliffs, including in executive session without Mr. Brinzo present. After considering the factual background, the board took the view consistently during 2007 and 2008 that Mr. Brinzo’s prior relationship with Cliffs and his existing interests in Cliffs did not preclude him from being a valuable contributor to the Alpha board’s deliberations about strategic alternatives and matters relating to Cliffs and, in any event, that Mr. Brinzo was not in any way improperly influencing the deliberative processes of the board.
 
Beginning in November 2007, Mr. Carrabba engaged in informal discussions on several occasions with the Chief Financial Officer of another North American coal producer, which is referred to as Company A, regarding a potential combination of the two companies. The parties did not enter into a confidentiality agreement or engage in due diligence. The potential opportunity to acquire Company A was first reviewed with the Cliffs board in January 2008. Mr. Carrabba and the Chairman of Company A met on February 25, 2008. At that meeting, Mr. Carrabba outlined in general terms the possibility of a stock and cash offer for Company A. Company A’s Chairman indicated that while he was open to discussions, a stock deal would not be attractive and he was not convinced of the strategic rationale of the proposed combination. With worsening credit markets in March and April and a sharp increase in Company A’s stock price, Cliffs determined that an offer to acquire Company A at that time was not feasible. The discussions with Company A did not progress beyond the February 25 meeting.
 
In 2007, in addition to the respective discussions described above with Cliffs, Company 1 and Company 2, Alpha, in consultation with its advisors, engaged in exploratory and preliminary discussions with strategic and financial buyers who contacted Alpha to express an interest in considering an acquisition of Alpha. These strategic and financial buyers withdrew from or ceased discussions before the discussions ever advanced beyond the exploratory and preliminary stage.
 
Beginning in mid-April 2008, Cliffs’ management and J.P. Morgan, financial advisor to Cliffs, met on several occasions to discuss potential acquisition opportunities, with an emphasis on opportunities to acquire metallurgical coal assets.
 
Exploratory discussions of a possible transaction involving Alpha and Cliffs resumed in April 2008. In late April 2008, Mr. Quillen and Mr. Carrabba agreed to reinitiate exploratory discussions for a potential combination involving Alpha, Cliffs and Company A. Executives from Cliffs and Alpha had further exploratory discussions about this potential combination on April 28 and April 29, 2008.
 
In April 2008, Mr. Carrabba contacted a representative of a company with interests in the metals and mining sector, which is referred to as Company 4, to request a meeting to generally discuss current business between the companies. As a result of this contact, on April 28, 2008, a senior executive of Company 4 met with Mr. Carrabba. During this meeting, the representatives of Company 4 indicated that Company 4 would be interested in a potential acquisition of Cliffs for cash, but did not mention any price.
 
During May 2008, exploratory discussions between Alpha and Company 2 regarding a potential transaction resumed. These discussions focused on a possible acquisition of Company 2 by Alpha for all-stock consideration.
 
During May 2008, Alpha also signed a confidentiality agreement with another company in the coal sector, which is referred to as Company 3, and commenced preliminary discussions and due diligence with senior representatives of Company 3 with a view toward an acquisition of Company 3 by Alpha.
 
In addition to these discussions with Cliffs, Company 2 and Company 3, during the first half of 2008, Alpha engaged in exploratory discussions and due diligence with other parties about other potential significant acquisition


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transactions by Alpha. None of these acquisition transactions advanced beyond these preliminary stages due to either a reluctance of the counterparty to sell or different perspectives on valuation.
 
On May 6, 2008, Mr. Carrabba and Laurie Brlas, Cliffs’ Chief Financial Officer, met with Mr. Quillen, Kevin Crutchfield, Alpha’s President, and David Stuebe, Alpha’s Chief Financial Officer, to discuss the possible combination involving Cliffs, Alpha and Company A. Representatives of J.P. Morgan and Citi were also in attendance. During this meeting, representatives of Cliffs proposed a potential three-way, all-stock combination in which Alpha and Company A would each have received a 10% premium and two seats on the combined company’s board of directors. All in attendance at the meeting agreed that the potential three-way combination merited further consideration. Each of Cliffs and Alpha agreed to discuss the potential combination with their respective boards of directors in upcoming board meetings.
 
On May 13, 2008, the Cliffs board of directors held a regularly scheduled board meeting. Representatives from J.P. Morgan, Cliffs’ financial advisor, and Jones Day, legal counsel to Cliffs, participated in the meeting. Cliffs’ management and representatives of J.P. Morgan discussed with the Cliffs board of directors a number of trends in the iron ore and coal industries. During the course of the meeting, Cliffs’ management indicated its view that the acquisition of PinnOak, while recently completed, had been very successful. Cliffs’ management also reiterated its belief that an acquisition of, or a combination with, a significant producer of metallurgical coal was a critical component to the successful implementation of Cliffs’ long-term growth strategy to create value for Cliffs shareholders. Toward that end, Cliffs’ management and representatives of J.P. Morgan outlined a number of potential opportunities to acquire metallurgical coal assets, including the possible combination involving Cliffs, Alpha and Company A. Cliffs management reported on the preliminary discussions of the May 6th meeting with Alpha regarding the potential three-way combination. Cliffs’ board of directors carefully considered the benefits and risks of a potential transaction among Cliffs, Alpha and Company A and, following a thorough discussion, Cliffs’ board of directors authorized management to engage in formal discussions with Alpha and Company A regarding a combination of the three companies. Also, at the meeting, the directors, as well as members of Cliffs’ senior management and representatives of Cliffs’ legal and financial advisors also reviewed the discussions between Mr. Carrabba and the senior representative of Company 4, as well as Cliffs’ stand-alone plan. Cliffs’ board of directors asked a number of questions of its legal and financial advisors. After a careful deliberation and consideration, the Cliffs board of directors determined that it was not in the best interests of Cliffs and its shareholders to pursue a transaction with Company 4 at that time. The board of directors instructed Cliffs’ management to inform Company 4 of its decision.
 
On May 14, 2008, the Alpha board of directors held a regularly scheduled meeting, in which members of Alpha senior management also participated. During the meeting, the board reviewed the recent discussions with Cliffs, Company 2 and Company 3, as well as other alternatives available to Alpha. The Alpha board of directors engaged in a discussion regarding the benefits and risks of potential transactions involving Cliffs, Company A, Company 2, Company 3 and other alternatives available to Alpha and, thereafter, instructed Alpha’s management to continue discussions with respect to these potential transactions.
 
On May 15, 2008, Mr. Carrabba informed a senior representative of Company 4 that Cliffs was not interested in pursuing a transaction with Company 4 at such time. Following this conversation, Company 4 did not subsequently contact Cliffs regarding a potential transaction.
 
On May 16, 2008, Mr. Quillen spoke with Company A’s Chairman, who agreed to meet with representatives from Alpha and Cliffs later that spring.
 
On May 28, 2008, a representative of Company 4 contacted an executive of Alpha to request a meeting. As a result of this contact, on June 4, 2008, representatives of Alpha met with representatives of Company 4. During this meeting, the representatives of Company 4 indicated that Company 4 would be interested in a potential acquisition of Alpha for cash.
 
On May 30, 2008, after consulting with members of the Alpha board of directors, Mr. Quillen sent to Company 2’s Chief Executive Officer a preliminary, non-binding proposal letter outlining the main terms of a possible acquisition of Company 2 by Alpha for all-stock consideration representing a 25% premium over Company 2’s trading price on a date to be agreed. On June 3, 2008, representatives of Alpha and Company 2 and their respective


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financial and legal advisors met for a preliminary discussion on the main terms of the proposed transaction. Following this meeting, Alpha and Company 2, together with their advisors, began negotiations regarding the terms of a potential transaction, including the terms of a merger agreement.
 
During the first week of June 2008, senior representatives of Company 3 and Alpha held further preliminary discussions about a business combination of the two companies. Talks with Company 3 about such a business combination never progressed beyond the preliminary stage.
 
On June 2, 2008, Mr. Carrabba and Mr. Quillen had a meeting with the Chairman of Company A to discuss a potential combination of the three companies. The Chairman of Company A indicated that he would discuss the potential combination with his board of directors at an upcoming meeting. Shortly thereafter, Mr. Carrabba contacted the Chairman of Company A to follow-up on the June 2, 2008 meeting and to determine whether Company A would be willing to enter into a customary confidentiality agreement with Cliffs and Alpha so that the parties could commence reciprocal due diligence. Company A’s Chairman indicated that while he believed the potential combination might be worth exploring, Company A’s board of directors was not willing to pursue a potential transaction at that time.
 
Following Mr. Carrabba’s discussion with Company A, Mr. Carrabba and Mr. Quillen had further discussions. Despite the fact that Company A was unwilling to pursue further discussions regarding a potential three-way combination, Mr. Carrabba and Mr. Quillen continued to believe that a combination of Cliffs and Alpha was a compelling transaction that the parties should continue to explore. They agreed to continue to engage in discussions and due diligence with respect to a potential combination between the two companies. During these further discussions, Mr. Carrabba reiterated Cliffs’ interest in pursuing a combination with Alpha for all-stock consideration at a 10% premium.
 
On June 9, 2008, Alpha engaged Citi to act as its financial advisor in connection with the proposed transaction with Cliffs, which engagement was formalized pursuant to an engagement letter executed on July 15, 2008.
 
Also on June 9, 2008, Alpha held a special meeting of the board of directors at which the directors reviewed and discussed, in consultation with management, Citi and Cleary Gottlieb, the alternatives available to Alpha. Alpha’s senior management and representatives of Citi reviewed with the Alpha board the recent discussions with Cliffs, Company 2, Company 3 and Company 4, as well as other potential counterparties. After a discussion regarding the risks and benefits of these potential transactions, the Alpha board of directors instructed management to continue its ongoing discussions with Cliffs and the other interested parties.
 
On June 10, 2008, Mr. Quillen and Mr. Crutchfield met with representatives of Company 4. During the meeting, Company 4’s representatives made a verbal, non-binding proposal to acquire Alpha at a price of $97 to $100 per share in cash and requested a response from Alpha to this proposal within 48 hours.
 
On June 11, 2008, Mr. Crutchfield called a representative of Company 4 to inform him that Alpha’s board of directors, with the assistance of Alpha’s advisors, would carefully consider Company 4’s proposal in the context of Alpha’s stand-alone strategy and other opportunities that Alpha had been considering and would not be in a position to provide a response before completing such a thorough review and assessment. Mr. Crutchfield also indicated that Alpha was willing to share confidential information with Company 4 upon its entering into a confidentiality and standstill agreement. On June 12, 2008, Mr. Quillen spoke to a representative of Company 4 to convey a similar message.
 
Also on June 11, 2008, Alpha held a special meeting of the board of directors at which the directors, in consultation with Alpha’s senior management and representatives of Citi and Cleary Gottlieb, discussed and analyzed the oral, non-binding proposal received from Company 4, the recent discussions with Cliffs and Company 2, and the latest developments on the other strategic opportunities under consideration. The Alpha board of directors instructed management to continue its ongoing discussions with Cliffs and the other interested parties and determined to discuss these developments again at another board meeting to be scheduled later that month.
 
On June 13, 2008, Company 4 sent a letter to Alpha reiterating Company 4’s non-binding proposal to acquire all the outstanding shares of Alpha common stock at a cash price of $97 to $100 per share and requesting a response


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by June 20, 2008. During this period, the trading price of Alpha common stock at times exceeded the price being offered by Company 4 (e.g., the opening trading price per share on June 19, 2008 was $102.40).
 
On June 16, 2008, representatives of Cliffs, Jones Day and J.P. Morgan met to discuss a potential business combination transaction with Alpha. On June 18, 2008, Mr. Carrabba asked Mr. Quillen to inform him, after Alpha’s next board meeting, whether Alpha remained interested in a business combination transaction with Cliffs on the terms previously discussed.
 
On June 19, 2008, Alpha held a special meeting of the board of directors at which the directors, as well as members of Alpha’s senior management and representatives of Citi and Cleary Gottlieb, reviewed in detail Alpha’s alternatives and stand-alone plan. Alpha management updated the directors on the latest developments regarding potential transactions under consideration by Alpha, including the status of discussions with Cliffs, Company 2, Company 3, and Company 4. Representatives from Citi reviewed with the board information about and analyses of the various strategic alternatives available to Alpha. Representatives from Cleary Gottlieb then discussed with the board the legal standards applicable to its decisions and actions with respect to the various potential transactions. The Alpha board instructed management to continue to pursue discussions with each of Cliffs, Company 2, and Company 4 in order to more fully develop, refine and, if possible, improve each of these alternatives and, in the case of Company 4 and Cliffs (but not Company 2), to convey that their most recent proposals were inadequate.
 
On June 20, 2008, Mr. Quillen communicated to Company 4 that its proposal at $97 to $100 in cash was inadequate and to Cliffs that the 10% all-stock premium that Cliffs had discussed in the context of the earlier discussions was inadequate. Mr. Quillen then updated the Alpha board on these discussions. In parallel, Alpha management proceeded with negotiations and discussions with Company 2.
 
On June 24, 2008, Cliffs and Alpha entered into a “clean team” confidentiality agreement governing the exchange of sensitive confidential information to selected representatives of each other in the context of the reciprocal due diligence for a possible business combination transaction.
 
On June 26, 2008, Mr. Carrabba, Ms. Brlas and Mr. Steve Baisden, Cliffs’ director of investor relations, met with a senior representative of Harbinger Capital Partners as part of a customary road show with one of Cliffs’ sell-side analysts. Cliffs did not provide Harbinger Capital Partners with any non-public information. The parties discussed general industry dynamics and Cliffs strategy to diversify and further expand into coal. Cliffs noted that Appalachian coal was ripe for consolidation. The senior representative of Harbinger Capital Partners expressed strong support for Cliffs’ acquisition of PinnOak. Based on filings with the SEC, Harbinger Capital Partners increased its ownership stake in Cliffs shortly after the June 26, 2008 meeting.
 
On June 27, 2008, Alpha and Company 4 entered into a confidentiality agreement that contained reciprocal standstill obligations of the parties.
 
On June 30, 2008, representatives of Cliffs and J.P. Morgan, on one hand, and Alpha and Citi, on the other hand, met to conduct reciprocal financial and operational due diligence and to discuss the terms, conditions and structure of a potential combination of Cliffs and Alpha.
 
Also on June 30, 2008, Alpha held a special meeting of the board of directors at which the directors discussed and analyzed, in consultation with management, Citi and Cleary Gottlieb, the most recent discussions with Cliffs, Company 2, and Company 4 and further prepared themselves to be in a position to act quickly and in an informed manner if revised proposals were made by Cliffs, Company 2, or Company 4.
 
From June 20 through July 8, 2008, Alpha’s senior management and advisors continued to engage in negotiations with Company 2 and its advisors regarding the terms of the proposed merger transaction, including exchanging several drafts of a merger agreement. In the course of these negotiations, Alpha and Company 2 agreed to increase the premium payable to Company 2 shareholders from 25% to 27%. By July 8, 2008, the primary open issue in the negotiations between Alpha and Company 2 was how to allocate the risk that the financing needed for the proposed transaction would not be obtained. Although the proposed transaction with Company 2 called for all-stock consideration, the combination would trigger acceleration of debt, mostly at Company 2, that would have had to be refinanced. On July 8, Company 2’s Chief Executive Officer communicated to Alpha that Company 2 would suspend all activity on the contemplated transaction until Alpha agreed that the merger agreement would contain


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neither any financing condition nor any limitation on Alpha’s liability in the event closing failed to occur due to the failure of the financing to be disbursed. Alpha’s board of directors did not believe this to be a reasonable request. Alpha and Company 2 and their advisors then ceased discussions on the merger agreement. However, Alpha continued discussions with its debt financing sources regarding the terms of the financing for the proposed transaction and continued to update Company 2 regarding these discussions. Alpha’s senior management and advisors then took steps to facilitate the making of revised acquisition proposals by each of Cliffs and Company 4. These activities included the sharing of due diligence materials with Cliffs and Company 4 and impressing upon them the need to come forward with their best and final proposals.
 
On July 2 and 3, 2008, representatives of Cliffs and Alpha and their respective financial advisors engaged in numerous discussions concerning due diligence and potential transaction structures.
 
On July 8 and 9, 2008, representatives of Company 4 and its advisors attended site visits and management presentations at Alpha’s facilities.
 
Also on July 8 and 9, 2008, the Cliffs board of directors convened a regularly scheduled meeting. Representatives from J.P. Morgan and Jones Day participated in the meeting on the morning of July 8, 2008. At this meeting, the Cliffs management reviewed with the Cliffs board of directors the status of the discussions to date with Alpha and Citi regarding a potential business combination transaction. Also at this meeting, J.P. Morgan presented a preliminary analysis of a combination of Cliffs and Alpha. In addition, Jones Day discussed the board of directors’ fiduciary duties in the context of an acquisition transaction. At the conclusion of the July 8, 2008 board meeting, Cliffs’ board of directors authorized management to make a formal non-binding offer of $13.78 per share in cash and one common share of Cliffs for each share of Alpha common stock.
 
On July 8, 2008, Cliffs executed an engagement letter with J.P. Morgan.
 
During the late morning on July 8, 2008, representatives of Cliffs’ management, Jones Day and J.P. Morgan met to discuss the non-binding offer to acquire Alpha, the outstanding due diligence requests and the terms of the financing to be arranged by JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., which is referred to as JPMCB.
 
Also, during the early afternoon of July 8, 2008, a senior representative of Harbinger Capital Partners called Mr. Carrabba and Ms. Brlas to consult generally about factors to consider when contemplating an acquisition of Appalachian coal assets or coal assets in Alabama. The parties discussed generally those factors that Cliffs typically focuses on in connection with such acquisitions. The senior representative of Harbinger Capital Partners thanked them for the information and concluded the call.
 
During the afternoon of July 8, 2008, Mr. Carrabba and Ms. Brlas met with Mr. Quillen and Mr. Crutchfield in Abingdon, Virginia. At this meeting, Mr. Carrabba and Ms. Brlas presented to Mr. Quillen and Mr. Crutchfield the terms of Cliffs’ non-binding offer for the acquisition of all outstanding shares of Alpha common stock for a per share consideration of one Cliffs common share and $13.78 in cash. Based on the closing price of Cliffs common shares on July 7, 2008, the proposal was valued at $112.13 per share, which represented an implied premium of approximately 28% as of that date. In the proposal to Alpha, Cliffs proposed to expand its board of directors to include Mr. Quillen, who would become non-executive vice chairman of Cliffs, and Glenn A. Eisenberg, a non-management member of Alpha’s board. In addition, Cliffs proposed to appoint Mr. Crutchfield to the post of president of Cliffs’ coal division, and to call the combined company “Cliffs Natural Resources Inc.” This proposal indicated, among other things, that the proposed acquisition would not be subject to any financing condition and that both parties would be subject to a customary reciprocal break-up fee.
 
On July 9, 2008, Cliffs delivered to Alpha an initial draft of the merger agreement.
 
Also on July 9, 2008, Alpha held a special meeting of its board of directors at which the directors, in consultation with management, Citi and Cleary Gottlieb, analyzed and discussed Cliffs’ July 8, 2008 proposal and the alternatives available to Alpha, including the possibility of a revised proposal from Company 4. Alpha’s senior management then reviewed with the Alpha board the results of Alpha’s financial and legal due diligence investigation of Cliffs in 2007 and its additional investigation during the prior weeks. Representatives of Cleary Gottlieb and Citi informed the board that, under Ohio law, the transaction would require the approval of two-thirds of Cliffs’ outstanding shares and that Harbinger Capital Partners would therefore play a very important role in


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determining whether shareholder approval would be obtained. As of October 6, 2008, the record date for the Cliffs special meeting, Harbinger Capital Partners had shared voting and dispositive power with respect to 16,616,472 Cliffs common shares, which constituted 14.64% of Cliffs’ outstanding common shares as of October 6, 2008 (based upon information contained in Amendment No. 1 to Schedule 13D filed by Harbinger Capital Partners with the SEC on August 14, 2008). The board of directors instructed Alpha’s management and advisors to continue negotiations with Cliffs on the terms of the proposed transaction as set forth in the draft merger agreement and to communicate to Cliffs that the board strongly believed that Cliffs should discuss the proposed transaction with Harbinger Capital Partners prior to the execution of a definitive merger agreement. The board of directors also instructed Alpha’s management and advisors to continue working on the terms of the financing for the possible transaction with Company 2. In addition, the board instructed Alpha’s management to communicate to Company 4’s advisors that if Company 4 intended to make a revised proposal for the acquisition of Alpha, it should do so in the next few days. Representatives of Alpha subsequently informed Company 4 that any revised proposal should be submitted no later than July 14, 2008.
 
On July 9, 2008, Mr. Quillen indicated to the Chief Executive Officer of Company 2 that Alpha was now in serious discussions with another party for a strategic transaction and that he anticipated that the value represented by this other transaction would be of interest to Alpha’s board. Mr. Quillen advised the Chief Executive Officer of Company 2 that Alpha was proceeding with negotiations with its banks on financing of the transaction with Company 2 and would continue that work and that Alpha hoped to report back on July 14, 2008 based on feedback from the banks.
 
On July 11, 2008, the Cliffs board of directors convened a special meeting. Representatives of J.P. Morgan and Jones Day participated in the meeting. At this meeting, Mr. Carrabba and Ms. Brlas provided the Cliffs board of directors with an update concerning their discussions with Mr. Quillen and Mr. Crutchfield on July 8, 2008.
 
Representatives of Jones Day and Cleary Gottlieb had a brief discussion regarding the merger agreement later on July 11, 2008. The representatives of Cleary Gottlieb indicated that, given the size of Harbinger Capital Partners’ equity interest in Cliffs and the required Cliffs shareholder approval necessary to complete the proposed transaction, Alpha’s board of directors believed very strongly that Cliffs should discuss the proposed transaction with Harbinger Capital Partners prior to the execution of a definitive merger agreement. Later that evening, representatives of Cleary Gottlieb delivered to Jones Day a mark-up of the merger agreement sent by Cliffs on July 9, 2008.
 
From July 11 through July 13, 2008, Cliffs and Alpha and their respective advisors negotiated the terms of the merger agreement.
 
On July 13, 2008, the Cliffs board of directors convened a special meeting. Representatives of J.P. Morgan and Jones Day participated in the meeting. At this meeting, the Cliffs’ management team reviewed with the board of directors of Cliffs, J.P. Morgan and Jones Day, the status of the negotiations with Alpha and the proposed terms and conditions of the merger. During this meeting, Cliffs’ management also reviewed the results of its financial and legal due diligence investigation, and J.P. Morgan reviewed its updated financial analysis of the proposed business combination. Jones Day reviewed the material terms and conditions of the merger agreement, as reflected in the then current draft, and the legal duties and responsibilities of the Cliffs board of directors in connection with the proposed merger.
 
On July 13, 2008, Alpha held a special meeting of its board of directors at which the directors, in consultation with management and representatives of Citi and Cleary Gottlieb, discussed and analyzed the proposed transaction with Cliffs and considered the other alternatives available to Alpha, including Alpha’s stand-alone plan, the possibility of receiving a proposal from Company 4, the proposed transaction with Company 2, and the relative impact to shareholders of these different alternatives, including illustrative financial metrics prepared by Citi indicating that the proposed transaction with Cliffs could be more attractive, from a financial point of view, to Alpha’s stockholders than the proposed combination with Company 2, given certain financial assumptions. Management informed the board that, despite requests to representatives of Company 4 and its financial advisor, Company 4 had not submitted a revised proposal to acquire Alpha, nor had it signaled its intention to do so in due course. Management also informed the Alpha board that the negotiations with Company 2 remained stalled due to the insistence by Company 2 that Alpha bear all risk, without any limitation, relating to financing. In addition, Alpha was still awaiting the commitment letter from the banks as to financing the Company 2 acquisition. Alpha’s management updated the board regarding the results of its legal and financial due diligence investigation of Cliffs.


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Representatives of Cleary Gottlieb and Citi reviewed for the board the terms of the draft merger agreement with Cliffs, including the remaining open issues, and the timing and process of the proposed merger. In addition, representatives of Cleary Gottlieb and Citi reiterated to the board that, under Ohio law, the transaction would require the approval of two-thirds of Cliffs’ outstanding shares and that Harbinger Capital Partners would therefore play a very important role in determining whether shareholder approval would be obtained. Citi reviewed with the board certain financial information regarding the proposed transactions under consideration. Alpha’s board of directors then instructed management to continue negotiations with Cliffs in order to resolve the remaining legal issues on the merger agreement, to see if the consideration offered by Cliffs could be enhanced, and to require Cliffs to consult with Harbinger Capital Partners to determine whether Harbinger Capital Partners would oppose this transaction. The Alpha board instructed management that it should focus its efforts on obtaining enhanced merger consideration value, rather than negotiating for any additional benefits relating to social issues, such as board representation.
 
During the evening of July 13, 2008, representatives of Jones Day delivered to Cleary Gottlieb a mark-up of the merger agreement in response to comments provided by Cleary Gottlieb on July 11, 2008.
 
During the course of July 14 and 15, 2008, representatives of Cliffs and Jones Day, on the one hand, and Alpha and Cleary Gottlieb, on the other hand, continued negotiating the terms of the merger agreement in detail.
 
During the morning of July 14, 2008, representatives of Cliffs and Alpha and their respective advisors discussed the terms of the merger agreement relating to the required approvals of Cliffs and Alpha stockholders. Representatives from Cleary Gottlieb and Alpha reiterated the view that Alpha’s board of directors believed very strongly that Cliffs should discuss the proposed transaction with Harbinger Capital Partners prior to the execution of a definitive merger agreement.
 
During the afternoon of July 14, 2008, Mr. Quillen called Mr. Carrabba to reiterate the Alpha board of directors’ desire to have Cliffs obtain from Harbinger Capital Partners some indication that Harbinger Capital Partners was not opposed to the transaction. Mr. Quillen also informed Mr. Carrabba that Alpha’s board of directors would not accept the offer of $13.78 in cash plus one Cliffs common share for each share of Alpha common stock. Based on the closing price of Cliffs stock on July 11, 2008, the most recent trading day prior to July 14, the value of such consideration was $123.19, which represented an implied premium of approximately 27% as of July 11, 2008. Mr. Quillen also advised Mr. Carrabba that Alpha was looking for the merger consideration to represent an implied premium, to the then-market price, in the range of 36% and asked Cliffs to come back with its best offer.
 
Later on July 14, 2008, after consultation with certain members of the Cliffs board of directors, J.P. Morgan and Ms. Brlas, Mr. Carrabba called Mr. Quillen to inform him that Cliffs would be willing to increase the value of its offer by increasing the cash component of the merger consideration from $13.78 to $22.23 per share and reducing the stock portion of the merger consideration from 1 to 0.95 common share of Cliffs for each share of Alpha common stock. Based on the closing price of Cliffs stock on July 14, 2008, the value of such consideration was $130.00 per share, which represented an implied premium of approximately 32% as of such date. Mr. Quillen advised Mr. Carrabba that he would recommend this revised proposal to the board of Alpha, but first Alpha needed assurance that Cliffs would reach out to Harbinger Capital Partners before Alpha’s board meeting. Executives of and advisors to Cliffs indicated to executives of and advisors to Alpha that, while Cliffs believed that Harbinger Capital Partners would approve of the proposed transaction based on recent discussions Harbinger Capital Partners had with Cliffs about Cliffs’ strategy to expand further into coal, Cliffs would accommodate Alpha’s request that Cliffs speak directly to Harbinger Capital Partners about this transaction to obtain its reaction.
 
On July 15, 2008 Mr. Quillen contacted the Chief Executive Officer of Company 2 to advise him that it looked likely Alpha would pursue an alternative deal. In addition, Mr. Quillen briefed the Chief Executive Officer of Company 2 that the banks had proposed financing terms for the combination of Alpha and Company 2 that were unattractive in several respects, including an interest rate that was substantially above Alpha’s current interest rate. The Chief Executive Officer of Company 2 asked for a few hours to consider if there were any terms of Company 2’s proposed combination with Alpha that Company 2 wished to revise. Shortly thereafter, Company 2 delivered a letter to Alpha that indicated that it would be prepared to proceed with the proposed all-stock transaction between Company 2 and Alpha with a structure where Alpha would pay a reverse termination fee in the event the financing were not disbursed. The letter indicated that Company 2 expected the terms of the proposed transaction, including the economics, to otherwise remain unchanged from the previous discussions.


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On July 15, 2008, Company 4 communicated to a senior executive of Alpha that Company 4 appreciated Alpha’s cooperation in the process of conducting due diligence with respect to Alpha that Company 4 had recently completed, but was declining the opportunity to submit a revised proposal to acquire Alpha.
 
Also on July 15, 2008, the Cliffs board of directors met to discuss the final terms and conditions of the draft merger agreement. Also in attendance were members of Cliffs’ management and representatives of J.P. Morgan and Jones Day. Representatives of Jones Day and Cliffs’ management then reviewed with the Cliffs board of directors the final changes to the merger agreement, which had been provided to the directors prior to the meeting, discussed the status of the negotiations with Alpha, and the terms of Cliffs’ financing commitment letters from J.P. Morgan and JPMCB. Jones Day reviewed with the board members their fiduciary duties in the context of the proposed transaction. Representatives of J.P. Morgan then presented an updated financial analysis of the proposed transaction and delivered its oral opinion to the Cliffs board of directors, which was subsequently confirmed the same day in writing, that, as of July 15, 2008, based upon and subject to the various factors and assumptions set forth in the opinion, the merger consideration to be paid by Cliffs to the Alpha stockholders in the proposed merger was fair, from a financial point of view, to Cliffs. The full text of the written opinion by J.P. Morgan, which sets forth the assumptions made, general procedures followed, matters considered and limitations on the scope of the review undertaken by J.P. Morgan in concluding its financial analysis and rendering its opinion, is attached as Annex C to this joint proxy statement/prospectus.
 
At the conclusion of the July 15, 2008 meeting, the Cliffs board of directors unanimously adopted resolutions approving the merger agreement with Alpha, the merger and the other transactions contemplated by the merger agreement, declaring the merger advisable and in the best interests of Cliffs shareholders, authorizing Cliffs to enter into the merger agreement and recommending that the Cliffs shareholders adopt the merger agreement and approve the issuance of the Cliffs common shares in connection with the merger.
 
Immediately following the conclusion of the July 15, 2008 Cliffs board meeting, Mr. Carrabba called a senior representative of Harbinger Capital Partners. Prior to engaging in any discussions with this senior representative of Harbinger Capital Partners, Mr. Carrabba obtained an agreement from him to keep the information to be discussed confidential and not to engage in any trading so as to ensure compliance with Cliffs’ obligations under the federal securities laws. Having obtained the senior representative’s agreement with respect to confidentiality, Mr. Carrabba informed him that Cliffs was about to execute an agreement to acquire Alpha in a cash and stock transaction and described the terms of the transaction. During this conversation, the senior representative of Harbinger Capital Partners indicated that he would be looking for more information about the transaction but gave no indication that Harbinger Capital Partners would oppose the transaction. After this conversation, Mr. Carrabba informed Mr. Quillen that Cliffs had presented the proposed transaction with Alpha to a senior representative of Harbinger Capital Partners in a confidential telephone call after the market closed on July 15, 2008. Mr. Carrabba stated that he believed Harbinger Capital Partners would support the transaction.
 
In the evening of July 15, 2008, Alpha held a special meeting of its board of directors at which the directors, in consultation with management, Citi and Cleary Gottlieb, reviewed and discussed the terms of the draft merger agreement, the terms of the debt commitment letter obtained by Cliffs to finance the transaction, the legal standards applicable to the board’s decision-making processes, and financial analyses of the proposed transaction with Cliffs and the alternatives available to Alpha, including its stand-alone plan and the proposed transaction with Company 2. The board also considered the latest communication from Company 4 and the latest communication from Mr. Carrabba concerning his July 15, 2008 conversation with a senior representative of Harbinger Capital Partners. Representatives of Citi made a presentation to the board about the proposed transaction and Alpha’s alternatives. In connection with the deliberation by the Alpha board of directors, Citi rendered to the Alpha board of directors its oral opinion, which was subsequently confirmed in writing on the same date, to the effect that, as of the date of the opinion and based upon and subject to the considerations and limitations set forth in the opinion, the presentation of financial analyses by Citi that accompanied the delivery of the opinion and other factors it deemed relevant, the merger consideration was fair, from a financial point of view, to the holders of Alpha common stock. The full text of Citi’s opinion, which sets forth the assumptions made, general procedures followed, matters considered and limits on the review undertaken, is included as Annex B to this joint proxy statement/prospectus. Following these discussions, and review and discussion among the members of the Alpha board of directors, including consideration of the factors described under “— Alpha’s Reasons for the Merger; Recommendation of Alpha’s Board of


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Directors,” the Alpha board of directors determined that the merger, the merger agreement and the transactions contemplated by the merger agreement were advisable and fair to and in the best interests of Alpha and its stockholders, and the directors (with Mr. Brinzo abstaining due to his prior relationship with Cliffs) voted unanimously to approve the merger, the merger agreement and the transactions contemplated by the merger agreement.
 
The merger agreement was executed by Cliffs, merger sub, and Alpha on July 15, 2008. On July 16, 2008, prior to the commencement of trading on the NYSE, Cliffs and Alpha issued a joint press release announcing the signing of the merger agreement.
 
On July 17, 2008, as part of a series of meetings with various Cliffs shareholders and Alpha stockholders to discuss the merger, Mr. Carrabba, Ms. Brlas and Mr. Quillen met with the senior representative of Harbinger Capital Partners. Immediately following the meeting, a Schedule 13D filed with the SEC by Harbinger Capital Partners became publicly available, asserting that the merger was not in the best interests of Cliffs shareholders. According to the Schedule 13D, Harbinger Capital Partners made the filing in order to reserve the right to be in contact with members of Cliffs’ management and board of directors.
 
On August 12, 2008, Mr. Carrabba received a call from the senior representative of Harbinger Capital Partners, who informed Mr. Carrabba that Cliffs should expect to receive a letter from Harbinger Capital Partners indicating its intention to effectuate certain block trades of Cliffs shares in the near future.
 
On August 14, 2008, Harbinger Capital Partners delivered to Cliffs an “acquiring person statement,” or the acquiring person statement, pursuant to the Ohio Control Share Acquisition Statute. Harbinger Capital Partners indicated in its acquiring person statement that it intended to acquire a number of Cliffs shares that, when added to the Harbinger Capital Partners’ current holdings in Cliffs common shares, would increase its voting power in the election of Cliffs’ directors to greater than one-fifth, but less than one-third, of the combined voting power of Cliffs common shares. Such an acquisition, which is a control share acquisition within the meaning of the Ohio Control Share Acquisition Statute, requires approval of the holders of at least a majority of voting power of all Cliffs shares entitled to vote in the election of the directors represented at the meeting (excluding the voting power of all “interested shares” (within the meaning of the Ohio Control Share Acquisition Statute)).
 
On August 15, 2008, the Cliffs board of directors held a special meeting at which it discussed with senior management and representatives from Jones Day and J.P. Morgan, among other matters, the acquiring person statement delivered by Harbinger Capital Partners.
 
On August 18, 2008, Mr. Carrabba called the senior representative of Harbinger Capital Partners to request a meeting to discuss its acquiring person statement and Schedule 13D.
 
On August 20, 2008, Mr. Carrabba and Ms. Brlas met with both the Senior Managing Director and the senior representative of Harbinger Capital Partners. Cliffs did not provide Harbinger Capital Partners with any non-public information. The parties discussed industry trends within iron ore and coal and also discussed the transaction with Alpha. Neither the Senior Managing Director nor the senior representative of Harbinger Capital Partners presented any demands or proposals to Cliffs on behalf of Harbinger Capital Partners and Cliffs did not make any proposals to Harbinger Capital Partners.
 
On August 21, 2008, the Cliffs board of directors held a special meeting at which it discussed with senior management and representatives from Jones Day and J.P. Morgan, among other matters, the acquiring person statement delivered by Harbinger Capital Partners. After an extensive discussion with Cliffs’ management and representatives from Jones Day and J.P. Morgan, the Cliffs board of directors unanimously determined that the Harbinger control share acquisition proposal was not in the best interests of Cliffs’ shareholders.
 
On September 8, 2008, Cliffs filed with the SEC a definitive proxy statement in opposition to the Harbinger control share acquisition proposal unanimously recommending that the Cliffs shareholders vote against the authorization of the Harbinger control share acquisition proposal. On the same date, Harbinger Capital Partners filed its definitive proxy statement soliciting proxies for its control share acquisition proposal.
 
On September 19, 2008, Cliffs announced that RiskMetrics Group (formerly Institutional Shareholder Services, or ISS), Glass Lewis & Co. and PROXY Governance, Inc., three leading independent proxy advisory


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firms, recommended that Cliffs shareholders vote against the Harbinger control share acquisition proposal at Cliffs’ special meeting of shareholders that was held on October 3, 2008.
 
On October 3, 2008, Cliffs held a special meeting of its shareholders to vote on the Harbinger control share acquisition proposal. On October 10, 2008, Cliffs announced that, based on the results provided by the independent inspector of elections, IVS Associates, Inc., Cliffs shareholders rejected the Harbinger control share acquisition proposal.
 
Alpha’s Reasons for the Merger and Recommendation of Alpha’s Board of Directors
 
In reaching its decision to approve the merger agreement and recommend the merger to its stockholders, the Alpha board of directors consulted with Alpha’s management, as well as legal and financial advisors, and considered a number of factors, including those listed below.
 
The Alpha board of directors considered the following factors as generally supporting its decision to enter into the merger agreement and recommend the merger to its stockholders:
 
  •  its knowledge of Alpha’s business, operations, financial condition, earnings and prospects and of Cliffs’ business, operations, financial condition, earnings and prospects, taking into account the results of Alpha’s due diligence of Cliffs;
 
  •  its knowledge of the current environment in the mining industry, including economic conditions, continued consolidation, current financial market conditions and the likely effects of these factors on Alpha’s, Cliffs’ and the combined company’s potential growth, development, productivity and strategic options;
 
  •  the financial terms of the merger, including the fact that, based on the closing prices on the NYSE of Cliffs common shares on July 15, 2008 (the last trading day prior to announcement of the merger agreement), the value of the merger consideration represented an approximate 35% premium over the closing price of Alpha shares as of that date;
 
  •  the fact that Alpha stockholders will receive a portion of the merger consideration in cash, giving Alpha stockholders an opportunity to immediately realize value for a portion of their investment and providing certainty of value, and a portion in Cliffs common shares, with the result that the Alpha stockholders will own approximately 37% of the combined company’s equity, and benefit from the expected gains from the merger;
 
  •  its belief, after reviewing Alpha’s potential strategic alternatives to the merger with Cliffs, including a merger or other strategic transaction with another third party, and taking into account the preliminary discussions with other third parties (see “— Background of the Merger” beginning on page 48), that it was unlikely that another party would make or accept an offer to engage in a transaction with Alpha that would be more favorable to Alpha and its stockholders than the merger with Cliffs;
 
  •  its belief that the two companies would create a larger and more diversified institution that is both better equipped to respond to economic and industry developments and better positioned to develop and build on its strong market shares in iron ore, metallurgical coal and thermal coal;
 
  •  the strategic fit and complementary nature of Cliffs’ and Alpha’s respective businesses and the potential presented by the merger with Cliffs for cost savings opportunities, and the related potential impact on the combined company’s earnings;
 
  •  the overall competitive positioning of the combined company, which is expected to be a leading diversified mining company and major supplier to the global steel industry;
 
  •  the presentation by Alpha’s financial advisor of financial analyses of Alpha on a stand-alone basis, the combination of Alpha and another third party that had expressed an interest in a merger with Alpha, and of the combination of Alpha and Cliffs;
 
  •  Citi’s opinion, dated as of July 15, 2008, delivered to the Alpha board of directors to the effect that, as of the date of the opinion, and subject to the considerations and limitations set forth in the opinion, the presentation


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  of financial analyses by Citi that accompanied the delivery of the opinion and other factors that Citi deemed relevant, the merger consideration was fair, from a financial point of view, to the holders of Alpha common stock;
 
  •  the statements by the Chief Executive Officer of Cliffs to Alpha about his conversations with a senior representative of Harbinger Capital Partners, the largest shareholder of Cliffs, about the proposed transaction in a confidential conversation on July 15, 2008, as well as the fact that, in the event that Alpha’s stockholders adopted the merger agreement but the Cliffs shareholders failed to approve the issuance of shares in connection with the merger, Alpha would be entitled in some circumstances to obtain a $100 million termination fee;
 
  •  the structure of the merger and the terms and conditions of the merger agreement, including:
 
  •  the limited closing conditions to Cliffs’ obligations under the merger agreement, including, in particular, the fact that the merger agreement contains no financing contingency or limit on the obligations of Cliffs in the event of a failure of the lender to Cliffs to disburse the financing committed for purposes of this transaction;
 
  •  the provisions of the merger agreement that allow Alpha to engage in negotiations with, and provide information to, third parties, under certain circumstances in response to an unsolicited takeover proposal that Alpha’s board of directors determines in good faith, after consultation with its outside legal advisors and its financial advisors, constitutes or could reasonably be expected to lead to a transaction that is more favorable to Alpha stockholders than the merger with Cliffs;
 
  •  the provisions of the merger agreement that allow Alpha, under certain circumstances, to terminate the merger agreement prior to its stockholder approval of the merger agreement in order to enter into an alternative transaction in response to an unsolicited takeover proposal that Alpha’s board of directors determines in good faith, after consultation with its outside legal advisors and its financial advisors, is more favorable to Alpha stockholders than the merger with Cliffs;
 
  •  the ability of Alpha to obtain a break-up fee of $350 million from Cliffs in the event that Cliffs fails to consummate the merger under certain circumstances, or a fee of $100 million if Cliffs shareholders fail to adopt the merger agreement and approve the issuance of the Cliffs common shares in connection with the merger (provided that, if Alpha’s stockholders do not adopt the merger agreement, Cliffs will not be required to pay the $100 million termination fee);
 
  •  the fact that the merger is structured as a reorganization for U.S. federal income tax purposes, which generally allows Alpha stockholders to refrain from recognizing any gain from the receipt of the share portion of the merger consideration; and
 
  •  the fact that Alpha stockholders who do not vote in favor of the adoption of the merger agreement and otherwise follow the procedures prescribed by the DGCL will have the appraisal rights in connection with the merger.
 
Alpha’s board of directors also considered certain potentially negative factors in its deliberations concerning the merger, including the following:
 
  •  the merger agreement’s non-solicitation and stockholder approval covenants, and the requirement that Alpha must pay to Cliffs a termination fee of $350 million if the merger agreement is terminated under certain circumstances (which Alpha’s board of directors understood was a condition to Cliffs’ willingness to enter into the merger agreement and that could limit the willingness of a third party to propose a competing business combination with Alpha), or $100 million if Alpha stockholders fail to adopt the merger agreement (provided that, if Cliffs’ shareholders do not adopt the merger agreement and approve the issuance of Cliffs’ common shares in connection with the merger, Alpha will not be required to pay the $100 million termination fee);


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  •  the fact that, under Ohio law, the merger requires the approval of holders of two-thirds of the outstanding shares of Cliffs and the fact that a substantial portion of the outstanding shares of Cliffs are owned by a single shareholder (and its affiliates);
 
  •  the difficulty that Cliffs would have completing the merger if the financing outlined in the commitment letter received by Cliffs from J.P. Morgan and JPMCB were not disbursed;
 
  •  the regulatory and other approvals required in connection with the merger and the possibility that such approvals might not be received in a timely manner and without unacceptable conditions, creating the risk that adverse changes to the financial condition, results of operations, business, competitive position, reputation and business prospects of either Alpha or Cliffs could result in fluctuation in the value of the share portion of the merger consideration to be received by Alpha stockholders, could adversely affect the value of the combined company, or could result in the failure to complete the merger;
 
  •  the possibility that management focus and resources at both Alpha and Cliffs would be diverted from other strategic opportunities and from operational matters while working to implement the merger;
 
  •  the requirement that Alpha conduct its business only in the ordinary course prior to the completion of the merger and subject to specified restrictions without Cliffs’ prior consent (which consent may not be unreasonably withheld, delayed or conditioned), which might delay or prevent Alpha from undertaking certain business opportunities that might arise pending completion of the merger; and
 
  •  the fact that some of Alpha’s directors and executive officers have other interests in the merger that are in addition to, and may be different from, their interests as Alpha stockholders, including as a result of employment and compensation arrangements with Alpha and the manner in which they would be affected by the merger. See “— Interests of Alpha Directors and Executive Officers in the Merger” beginning on page 83.
 
In the judgment of the Alpha board of directors, however, these potential risks were outweighed by the potential benefits of the merger discussed above.
 
The foregoing discussion of the factors considered by the Alpha board of directors is not intended to be exhaustive, but, rather, includes the material factors considered by the Alpha board of directors. In reaching its decision to approve the merger agreement, the Alpha board did not quantify or assign any relative weights to the factors considered, and individual directors may have given different weights to different factors. The Alpha board of directors considered all these factors as a whole, including discussions with, and questioning of, Alpha management and Alpha’s financial and legal advisors, and overall considered the factors to be favorable to, and to support, its determination. The Alpha board of directors also relied on the experience of Citi, its financial advisor, for analyses of the financial terms of the merger and for its opinions as to the fairness of the consideration to be received in the merger to Alpha stockholders.
 
For the reasons set forth above, the Alpha board of directors determined that the merger is advisable and fair to and in the best interests of Alpha and its stockholders, and approved the merger agreement. The Alpha board of directors recommends that the Alpha stockholders vote “for” the adoption of the merger agreement.
 
Cliffs’ Reasons for the Merger and Recommendation of Cliffs’ Board of Directors
 
In reaching a conclusion to approve the merger and related transactions and to recommend that Cliffs shareholders adopt the merger agreement and approve the issuance of Cliffs common shares in connection with the merger, the Cliffs board of directors consulted with Cliffs’ management, as well as legal and financial advisors. In these consultations, the board considered a number of factors including:
 
  •  that Alpha is the largest metallurgical coal supplier in the United States, and that the acquisition of Alpha will provide Cliffs additional exposure to the high-growth steel making raw materials market;
 
  •  the strategic nature of the acquisition, which will allow both companies to capitalize on current market dynamics in iron ore and metallurgical coal, as well as create a stronger platform for continued strategic


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  investments in the global mining industry. The acquisition will also provide economies of scale that result from creating one of the largest mining companies in the United States;
 
  •  that the merger will provide Cliffs with premier coal industry management, technical and operational expertise via the addition of Alpha’s management team;
 
  •  that the acquisition of Alpha will enhance Cliffs’ product portfolio in steelmaking raw materials and measured diversification into other products. The acquisition will substantially increase Cliffs’ annual production of metallurgical coal and optimize the revenues generated from the combined company’s coal reserves;
 
  •  that the acquisition will capitalize on the strong market condition of the U.S. and global steel industries and further solidify Cliffs as a major iron ore and metallurgical coal supplier;
 
  •  the expected synergies, including Alpha’s unique coal blending capabilities and preparation plant optimization, that are anticipated to result in approximately $200 million in aggregate synergies beginning in 2010;
 
  •  the additional exposure Alpha will provide Cliffs to international markets via Alpha’s equity positions in U.S. port infrastructure and its expanded sales and marketing network;
 
  •  Cliffs’ management’s view, based on due diligence and discussions with Alpha’s management, that Alpha and Cliffs share common values with respect to best-in-class safety standards and practices and the socially responsible processing of the earth’s natural resources;
 
  •  that the merger is expected to provide Cliffs with a more balanced portfolio of existing mines and exploratory opportunities, thereby giving Cliffs management more flexibility in its capital allocation decisions;
 
  •  that the combined company will have a diverse geographic reach with combined coal operations in North America and Australia, and a number of the properties of the combined company will be in the same geographic region which may facilitate integration of those properties and a possible reduction in operating and administrative costs;
 
  •  that the potential synergies expected to be derived from the merger present an opportunity for continued and sustained growth in accordance with Cliffs’ strategic plan for growth, as well as geographic and mineral diversification;
 
  •  the Cliffs board’s knowledge of Cliffs’ business, operations, financial condition, earnings and prospects and of Alpha’s business, operations, financial condition, earnings and prospects, taking into account the results of Cliffs’ due diligence of Alpha;
 
  •  the Cliffs board’s knowledge of the current environment in the mining industry, including economic conditions, continued consolidation, current financial market conditions and the likely effects of these factors on Cliffs’, Alpha’s, and the combined company’s potential growth, development, productivity and strategic options;
 
  •  the information concerning the financial conditions, results of operations, prospects and businesses of Cliffs and Alpha, including the respective companies’ reserves, production volumes, cash flows from operations, recent performance of common shares and the ratio of Cliffs share price to Alpha stock price over various periods, as well as current industry, economic and market conditions;
 
  •  the results of the business, legal and financial due diligence review of Alpha’s businesses and operations;
 
  •  that the exchange ratio will enable Cliffs shareholders to own approximately 63% of the outstanding stock of the combined company;
 
  •  the determination that an exchange ratio that is fixed is appropriate to reflect the strategic purpose of the merger and that a fixed exchange ratio avoids fluctuations caused by near-term market volatility;
 
  •  the terms and conditions of the merger agreement, including the following:


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  •  the fact that Alpha agreed to pay a termination fee of $100 million to Cliffs in the event that the merger agreement is terminated due to a failure to obtain necessary approval from Alpha stockholders (provided that, if Cliffs shareholders do not adopt the merger agreement and approve the issuance of the Cliffs common shares in connection with the merger, Alpha will not be required to pay the $100 million termination fee);
 
  •  the fact that Cliffs may be entitled to receive a $350 million termination fee from Alpha if the merger is not consummated for certain reasons as more fully described in the section titled “The Merger Agreement — Termination Fees” beginning on page 112;
 
  •  the fact that the conditions required to be satisfied prior to completion of the merger are customary thereby increasing the likelihood of the consummation of the merger;
 
  •  the fact that two members of the Alpha board of directors are expected to be appointed to the Cliffs board of directors, which is expected to provide a degree of continuity and involvement by Alpha directors in the combined company following the merger; and
 
  •  the fact that, subject to certain exceptions, Alpha is prohibited from taking certain actions that would be deemed to be a solicitation under the merger agreement, including solicitation, initiation, encouragement of any inquiries or the making of any proposals for certain types of business combination or acquisition of Alpha (or entering into any agreement for such business combination or acquisition of Alpha or any requiring to abandon, terminate or fail to consummate the merger); and
 
  •  J.P. Morgan’s opinion, including its analysis rendered orally on July 15, 2008 and confirmed in writing on the same date, to the effect that, as of July 15, 2008, and based on and subject to various factors and assumptions set forth in its written opinion, the consideration proposed to be paid by Cliffs to Alpha stockholders in the merger was fair, from a financial point of view, to Cliffs.
 
The Cliffs board of directors also considered the potential adverse impact of other factors weighing negatively against the merger, including, without limitation, the following:
 
  •  the risk that a substantial or extended decline in coal prices would likely make the merger less desirable from a financial point of view;
 
  •  the potential dilution to Cliffs shareholders;
 
  •  the risk of diverting management’s attention from other strategic opportunities in order to implement merger integration efforts;
 
  •  the challenges of combining the businesses, operations and workforces of Cliffs and Alpha and realizing the anticipated cost savings and operating synergies;
 
  •  the risk that the parties may incur significant costs and delays resulting from seeking governmental consents and approvals necessary for completion of the proposed merger;
 
  •  the terms and conditions of the merger agreement, including:
 
  •  the requirement that Cliffs must pay to Alpha a termination fee of $350 million if the merger agreement is terminated under circumstances specified in the merger agreement, as described in the section titled “The Merger Agreement — Termination Fees” beginning on page 112;
 
  •  the fact that Cliffs agreed to pay a termination fee of $100 million to Alpha in the event that the merger agreement is terminated due to a failure to obtain necessary Cliffs shareholder approval (provided that, if Alpha stockholders fail to adopt the merger agreement, Cliffs will not be required to pay the $100 million termination fee), as described in the section titled “The Merger Agreement — Termination Fees” beginning on page 112; and
 
  •  the fact that the terms of the merger agreement provide that, under certain circumstances and subject to certain conditions more fully described in the section titled “The Merger Agreement — Covenants and Agreements — No Solicitation by Alpha” beginning on page 103, Alpha may furnish information to and


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  conduct negotiations with a third party in connection with an unsolicited proposal for a business combination or acquisition of Alpha that is likely to lead to a superior proposal and the Alpha board of directors can terminate the merger agreement in order to accept a superior proposal or, under certain circumstances, change its recommendation that Alpha stockholders adopt the merger agreement prior to Alpha stockholders’ approval of the merger agreement;
 
  •  the fact that Alpha stockholders who dissent from the merger will have appraisal rights, as described in the section titled “— Appraisal Rights of Alpha Stockholders”, beginning on page 87;
 
  •  the fact that Cliffs shareholders who dissent from the merger will have dissenters’ rights as described in the section titled “— Dissenters’ Rights of Cliffs Shareholders”, beginning on page 90; and
 
  •  the risks described in the section titled “Risk Factors” beginning on page 27.
 
In the judgment of the Cliffs board of directors, however, the potential benefits of the merger discussed above outweigh any potential risks. The foregoing discussion of the factors considered by the Cliffs board of directors is not intended to be exhaustive, but, rather, includes the material factors considered by the Cliffs board of directors. In reaching its decision to approve the merger agreement, the Cliffs board did not quantify or assign any relative weights to the factors considered, and individual directors may have given different weights to different factors.
 
Cliffs’ board of directors has approved the merger agreement and determined that the transactions contemplated by the merger agreement are advisable and in the best interests of Cliffs and its shareholders. Cliffs’ board of directors recommends that Cliffs shareholders vote for the proposal to adopt the merger agreement and approve the issuance of Cliffs common shares pursuant to the terms of the merger agreement at the Cliffs special meeting.
 
Opinion of Alpha’s Financial Advisor
 
Citi was retained to act as financial advisor to Alpha to render certain financial advisory and investment banking services in connection with the merger. Pursuant to Citi’s engagement letter with Alpha, dated July 15, 2008 (which memorialized Citi’s engagement by Alpha beginning on June 9, 2008), on July 15, 2008, Citi rendered its oral opinion, subsequently confirmed in writing to the Alpha board of directors on the same date, to the effect that, as of the date of the opinion and based upon and subject to the considerations and limitations set forth in the opinion, its work described below and other factors it deemed relevant, the merger consideration was fair, from a financial point of view, to the holders of Alpha common stock.
 
The full text of Citi’s opinion, which sets forth the assumptions made, general procedures followed, matters considered and limits on the review undertaken, is included as Annex B to this joint proxy statement/prospectus. The summary of Citi’s opinion set forth below is qualified by reference to the full text of the opinion. Holders of Alpha common stock are urged to read the Citi opinion carefully and in its entirety.
 
Citi’s opinion was limited solely to the fairness of the merger consideration from a financial point of view to the holders of Alpha common stock as of the date of the opinion. Neither Citi’s opinion nor the related analyses constituted a recommendation of the proposed merger to the Alpha board of directors. Citi makes no recommendation to any stockholder regarding how such stockholder should vote with respect to the merger.
 
In arriving at its opinion, Citi reviewed a draft dated July 14, 2008 of the merger agreement and held discussions with certain senior officers, directors and other representatives and advisors of Alpha and certain senior officers and other representatives and advisors of Cliffs concerning the businesses, operations and prospects of Alpha and Cliffs. Citi examined certain publicly available business and financial information relating to Alpha and Cliffs as well as certain financial forecasts and other information and data relating to Alpha and Cliffs which were provided to or discussed with Citi by the respective managements of Alpha and Cliffs, including information relating to the potential strategic implications and operational benefits (including the amount, timing and achievability thereof) anticipated by the managements of Alpha and Cliffs to result from the merger. Citi reviewed the financial terms of the merger as set forth in the merger agreement in relation to, among other things: current and historical market prices and trading volumes of Alpha common stock and Cliffs common shares; the historical and projected earnings and other operating data of Alpha and Cliffs; and the capitalization and financial condition of


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Alpha and Cliffs. Citi considered and analyzed certain financial, stock market and other publicly available information relating to the businesses of other companies whose operations it considered relevant in evaluating those of Alpha and Cliffs. Citi also evaluated certain potential pro forma financial effects of the merger on Cliffs. In connection with Citi’s engagement, Citi advised Alpha on discussions it had with selected third parties with respect to the possible acquisition of, or other combination with, Alpha. In addition to the foregoing, Citi conducted such other analyses and examinations and considered such other information and financial, economic and market criteria as it deemed appropriate in arriving at its opinion.
 
In rendering its opinion, Citi assumed and relied, without independent verification, upon the accuracy and completeness of all financial and other information and data publicly available or provided to or otherwise reviewed by or discussed with Citi and upon the assurances of the managements of Alpha and Cliffs that they were not aware of any relevant information that was omitted or that remained undisclosed to Citi. With respect to financial forecasts and other information and data relating to Alpha and Cliffs provided to or otherwise reviewed by or discussed with Citi, Citi was advised by the respective managements of Alpha and Cliffs that such forecasts and other information and data were reasonably prepared on bases reflecting the best currently available estimates and judgments of the managements of Alpha and Cliffs as to the future financial performance of Alpha and Cliffs, the potential strategic implications and operational benefits (including the amount, timing and achievability thereof) anticipated to result from the merger and the other matters covered thereby.
 
In rendering its opinion, Citi assumed, with Alpha’s consent, that the merger would be consummated in accordance with its terms, without waiver, modification or amendment of any material term, condition or agreement and that, in the course of obtaining the necessary regulatory or third party approvals, consents and releases for the merger, no delay, limitation, restriction or condition would be imposed that would have an adverse effect on Alpha, Cliffs or the contemplated benefits of the merger. Representatives of Alpha advised Citi, and Citi further assumed, that the final terms of the merger agreement would not vary materially from those set forth in the draft reviewed by Citi. Citi also assumed, with Alpha’s consent, that the merger would be treated as a tax-free reorganization for federal income tax purposes. Citi has not expressed any opinion as to what the value of the Cliffs common shares actually would be when issued pursuant to the merger or the price at which the Cliffs common shares would trade at any time. Citi did not make and was not provided with an independent evaluation or appraisal of the assets or liabilities (contingent or otherwise) of Alpha or Cliffs nor did it make any physical inspection of the properties or assets of Alpha or Cliffs. Citi’s opinion did not address the underlying business decision of Alpha to effect the merger, the relative merits of the merger as compared to any alternative business strategies that might exist for Alpha or the effect of any other transaction in which Alpha might engage. Citi also expressed no view as to, and its opinion did not address, the fairness (financial or otherwise) of the amount or nature or any other aspect of any compensation to any officers, directors or employees of any parties to the merger, or any class of such persons, relative to the merger consideration. Citi’s opinion was necessarily based upon information available to it, and financial, stock market and other conditions and circumstances existing, as of the date of the opinion.
 
In connection with rendering its opinion, Citi made a presentation to the Alpha board of directors on July 15, 2008 with respect to the material analyses performed by Citi in evaluating the fairness of the merger consideration. The following is a summary of that presentation. The summary includes information presented in tabular format. In order to understand fully the financial analyses used by Citi, these tables must be read together with the text of each summary. The tables alone do not constitute a complete description of the financial analyses. The following quantitative information, to the extent it is based on market data, is, except as otherwise indicated, based on market data as it existed at or prior to July 14, 2008, and is not necessarily indicative of current or future market conditions.
 
Alpha Valuation Analyses
 
Historical Stock Prices
 
To provide background information and perspective with respect to the historical share prices of Alpha common stock, Citi reviewed the stock price performance of Alpha during the 52-week period ending on July 14, 2008.


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Citi noted that the range of low and high trading prices of Alpha common stock during the 52-week period ending on July 14, 2008 was approximately $16.00 and $109.00, respectively. Citi noted that Alpha’s closing share price on July 14, 2008 was $98.72. Citi also noted that the implied per share merger consideration as of July 14, 2008 was $130.00, consisting of $22.23 per share in cash and 0.95 of a Cliffs common share (with a value of $107.77 as of market close on July 14, 2008).
 
Wall Street Equity Research Analyst Stock Price Targets
 
To provide background information and perspective with respect to stock price targets of Alpha common stock, Citi reviewed publicly available published price target estimates for Alpha common stock set by Wall Street equity research analysts.
 
Citi observed that the analyst price targets ranged from $75.00 to $178.00 per share of Alpha common stock, and ranged from $78.00 to $125.00 per share of Alpha common stock if the lowest and highest price targets of the group were excluded. Citi also observed that the median analyst price target was $105.00 per share of Alpha common stock. Citi noted that the implied per share merger consideration as of July 14, 2008 was $130.00.
 
Discounted Cash Flow Analysis
 
Using projections provided by the management of Alpha, Citi conducted discounted cash flow analyses of Alpha for the relevant periods to calculate ranges of implied per share equity values of Alpha. A discounted cash flow analysis is a method of determining the value of a company using estimates of the future unlevered free cash flows generated by the company and taking into consideration the time value of money with respect to those future cash flows by calculating their “present value.” “Present value” refers to the current value of future cash flows generated by the company, and is obtained by discounting those cash flows back to the present using a discount rate that takes into account macro-economic assumptions and estimates of risk, the opportunity cost of capital, capitalized returns and other appropriate factors. “Terminal value” refers to the capitalized value of all cash flows generated by the company for periods beyond the final forecast period.
 
These cash flows were prepared based on the four alternative scenarios described below:
 
(1) “Historical Met Coal / Management Steam Coal Case” is based on, for committed tonnage, Alpha management estimates of future sales under existing commitments principally covering fiscal years 2008 and 2009 and, for uncommitted tonnage, a constant metallurgical coal price estimate determined by the average of historical monthly metallurgical coal prices for the calendar years 2005, 2006 and 2007, and Alpha management estimates of future steam coal prices;
 
(2) “Wall Street Consensus Case” is based on, for committed tonnage, Alpha management estimates of future sales under existing commitments principally covering fiscal years 2008 and 2009 and, for uncommitted tonnage, the average of Wall Street equity research estimates, selected by Citi on the basis of availability, of future metallurgical and steam coal prices;
 
(3) “Company Case 1” is based on, for committed tonnage, Alpha management estimates of future sales under existing commitments principally covering fiscal years 2008 and 2009 and, for uncommitted tonnage, Alpha management estimates of future metallurgical coal prices, which generally assume that such future prices for uncommitted tonnage decline annually beyond fiscal year 2008, and steam coal prices. For fiscal years 2008 through 2011, Alpha management estimates of future metallurgical coal prices generally correlated with those published in Wall Street equity research reports, selected by Citi on the basis of availability. The majority of such Wall Street equity research estimates projected a declining price curve; and
 
(4) “Company Case 2” is based on, for committed tonnage, Alpha management estimates of future sales under existing commitments principally covering fiscal years 2008 and 2009 and, for uncommitted tonnage, Alpha management estimates of future metallurgical coal prices, which generally assume that such future prices for uncommitted tonnage remain relatively flat through fiscal year 2012, and steam coal prices. Alpha management estimates of future metallurgical coal prices considered Alpha management’s view of current and possible future supply and demand fundamentals of the metallurgical coal market, and the increased level of strategic interest in U.S. metallurgical coal assets demonstrated by international steel companies.


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Estimates of future steam coal prices for uncommitted tonnage are identical in Historical Met Coal / Management Steam Coal Case, Company Case 1 and Company Case 2, and generally assume that such future prices for uncommitted tonnage remain relatively flat through fiscal year 2012. In Alpha management’s view, such future prices represented a discount to current market prices, but a premium to historical market prices, and considered current export activity and supply and demand fundamentals of the steam coal market.
 
Citi derived the discounted cash flow values for Alpha as the sum of the net present values of (1) the estimated unlevered free cash flows that Alpha would generate from July 16, 2008 through fiscal year 2012 and (2) the terminal value of Alpha at the end of fiscal year 2012. The terminal value for Alpha was calculated by applying a range of EBITDA terminal value multiples of 5.0x to 6.0x to Alpha’s fiscal year 2012 estimated earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (or “EBITDA”). The cash flows and terminal values were discounted to present value using discount rates ranging from 10.1% to 12.8%. This range represented Alpha’s estimated weighted average cost of capital as derived by Citi based on, among other assumptions, market data for Alpha and a number of selected companies in the coal mining sector which, in Citi’s determination, had businesses and operating profiles reasonably similar to those of Alpha. Based on this analysis of Alpha and the selected comparable companies, Citi determined that the range of discount rates it derived was appropriate for this discounted cash flow analysis. However, because of the inherent differences among the businesses, operations and prospects of Alpha and the businesses, operations and prospects of the selected comparable companies, no comparable company is exactly the same as Alpha. Alpha did not supply Citi with, nor did Citi rely on, any Alpha management estimates of the discount rates used by Alpha management in generating its own internal financial analyses. This analysis indicated the following approximate implied per share equity reference ranges for Alpha:
 
         
    Implied per Share
 
    Equity Reference
 
    Range for Alpha  
   
 
 
Historical Met Coal/Management Steam Coal Case
  $ 39.00 — $ 48.00  
Wall Street Consensus Case
  $ 50.00 — $ 57.00  
Company Case 1
  $ 82.00 — $ 98.00  
Company Case 2
  $ 143.00 — $174.00  
 
Citi noted the implied per share equity reference ranges calculated above for each of the four alternative scenarios. Citi also noted that the implied per share merger consideration as of July 14, 2008 was $130.00. Citi compared the implied per share equity reference ranges above to the implied per share merger consideration.
 
Comparable Companies Analysis
 
Citi compared financial, operating and stock market information, and forecasted financial information for Alpha with that of selected publicly traded U.S. coal producers in the Central Appalachia basin and pure play U.S. metallurgical coal producers. The selected comparable companies considered by Citi were:
 
  •  International Coal Group, Inc.
 
  •  James River Coal Company
 
  •  Massey Energy Company
 
  •  Walter Industries, Inc.
 
The financial information used by Citi for the selected comparable companies was based on company filings and selected Wall Street equity research reports, and for Alpha, Alpha management estimates. All of the multiples were calculated using public trading market closing prices on July 14, 2008.
 
For each of the selected comparable companies, Citi derived and compared, among other things, the multiple of each company’s firm value to its EBITDA for the estimated calendar years 2009 and 2010. Citi calculated firm value as (a) equity value, based on the per share closing stock price on July 14, 2008 of all fully diluted shares assuming the exercise or conversion of all in-the-money options, warrants and convertible securities outstanding, less the proceeds of any such options or warrants, as reflected in each company’s latest publicly available information; plus (b) non-convertible indebtedness; plus (c) minority interests; plus (d) non-convertible preferred


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stock; plus (e) all out-of-the-money convertible securities; minus (f) cash and cash equivalents; minus (g) investments in unconsolidated affiliates.
 
Due to the significant increase in projected metallurgical and steam coal prices by Wall Street equity research analysts prior to the execution of the merger agreement, Citi observed that estimates of EBITDA for the calendar years 2009 and 2010 varied meaningfully among Wall Street equity research analysts and that such estimates tended to be higher in more recently published research reports. As a result, Citi considered for each of the selected comparable companies (i) the average of selected Wall Street equity research estimates (or “Wall Street Consensus Estimates”) and (ii) the average of the top quartile of such Wall Street Consensus Estimates (or “Wall Street Top Quartile Estimates”).
 
Based on the comparable companies analysis and taking into consideration other performance metrics and qualitative judgments, Citi derived the following reference range of firm value / EBITDA multiples for calendar years 2009 and 2010:
 
i. 6.5x to 7.5x for calendar year 2009 estimated EBITDA and 4.5x to 5.5x for calendar year 2010 estimated EBITDA, based on Wall Street Consensus Estimates; and
 
ii. 5.0x to 6.0x for calendar year 2009 estimated EBITDA and 4.0x to 4.5x for calendar year 2010 estimated EBITDA, based on Wall Street Top Quartile Estimates.
 
Citi then applied these multiples to Alpha’s estimated EBITDA for calendar years 2009 and 2010 under the four alternative scenarios described above. This analysis indicated the following implied per share equity reference ranges for Alpha:
 
         
    Implied per Share
 
    Equity Reference
 
    Range for Alpha  
 
Historical Met Coal / Management Steam Coal Case
       
Wall Street Consensus Estimates
  $ 50.00 — $ 60.00  
Wall Street Top Quartile Estimates
  $ 40.00 — $ 45.00  
Wall Street Consensus Case
       
Wall Street Consensus Estimates
  $ 100.00 — $120.00  
Wall Street Top Quartile Estimates
  $ 80.00 — $ 95.00  
Company Case 1
       
Wall Street Consensus Estimates
  $ 105.00 — $125.00  
Wall Street Top Quartile Estimates
  $ 85.00 — $100.00  
Company Case 2
       
Wall Street Consensus Estimates
  $ 145.00 — $170.00  
Wall Street Top Quartile Estimates
  $ 120.00 — $140.00  
 
Citi noted the implied per share equity reference ranges calculated above for each of the four alternative scenarios. Citi also noted that the implied per share merger consideration as of July 14, 2008 was $130.00. Citi compared the implied per share equity reference ranges above to the implied merger consideration.
 
Citi selected the comparable companies used in the comparable companies analysis because their businesses and operating profiles are reasonably similar to those of Alpha. However, because of the inherent differences among the businesses, operations and prospects of Alpha and the businesses, operations and prospects of the selected comparable companies, no comparable company is exactly the same as Alpha. Therefore, Citi believed that it was inappropriate to, and therefore did not, rely solely on the quantitative results of the comparable companies analysis. Accordingly, Citi made qualitative judgments concerning differences between the financial and operating characteristics and prospects of Alpha and the companies included in the comparable companies analysis that would affect the public trading values of each in order to provide a context in which to consider the results of the quantitative analysis. These qualitative judgments related primarily to the differing sizes, growth prospects, geographic location of assets, profitability levels and business segments between Alpha and the companies included in the comparable companies analysis and other matters, many of which are beyond Alpha’s control, such as the


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impact of competition on its businesses and the industry generally, industry growth and the absence of any adverse material change in the financial condition and prospects of Alpha or the industry or in the financial markets in general. Mathematical analysis (such as determining the average or median) is not in itself a meaningful method of using peer group data.
 
Selected Precedent Transactions Analysis
 
Based upon (1) the significant projected increases in metallurgical and steam coal prices from calendar year 2008 through 2009, which are generally significantly greater than the historical increases of such prices, and (2) the significant projected growth of EBITDA for Alpha from fiscal year 2008 through 2009, which is generally significantly greater than the projected growth of EBITDA of target companies involved in recent precedent transactions in the U.S. coal industry, Citi did not consider precedent transactions based upon trailing multiples to be a meaningful benchmark for evaluating the merger consideration. As a result, while Citi analyzed selected precedent transactions in the U.S. coal industry, Citi did not consider this analysis in evaluating the fairness of the merger consideration.
 
Confirmatory Cliffs Valuation Analyses
 
Citi performed confirmatory valuation analyses with respect to Cliffs using substantially similar analyses and methodologies to those used with respect to Alpha, as described above, in order to assess the value indicated by the per share closing price of the Cliffs common shares on July 14, 2008 for purposes of inclusion of this value as part of the transaction consideration. Citi also presented to the Alpha board of directors certain other information with respect to Cliffs for illustrative purposes, including historical stock prices and Wall Street equity research analyst stock price targets.
 
Historical Stock Prices
 
To provide background information and perspective with respect to the historical share prices of Cliffs common shares, Citi reviewed the share price performance of Cliffs during the 52-week period ending on July 14, 2008.
 
Citi noted that the range of low and high trading prices of Cliffs common shares during the 52-week period ending on July 14, 2008 was approximately $28.00 and $122.00, respectively. Citi noted that Cliffs’ closing share price on July 14, 2008 was $113.44.
 
Wall Street Equity Research Analyst Stock Price Targets
 
To provide background information and perspective with respect to stock price targets of Cliffs common shares, Citi reviewed publicly available published price target estimates for Cliffs common shares set by Wall Street equity research analysts.
 
Citi observed that the analyst price targets ranged from $140.00 to $155.00 per share of Cliffs common shares. Citi also observed that the median analyst price target was $150.00 per share of Cliffs common shares. Citi noted that Cliffs’ closing share price on July 14, 2008 was $113.44.
 
Discounted Cash Flow Analysis
 
Using projections provided by the management of Cliffs, which were adjusted for certain coal price assumptions made by Alpha management, Citi conducted discounted cash flow analyses of Cliffs for the relevant periods to calculate ranges of implied per share equity values of Cliffs.
 
These cash flows were prepared based on the three alternative scenarios described below:
 
(1) “Wall Street Consensus Case” is based on Cliffs management estimates for fiscal year 2008 and the average of Wall Street equity research estimates, selected by Citi on the basis of availability, of future North America (Metallurgical) Coal prices, North America Iron Ore prices, Asia Pacific Iron Ore prices and Asia Pacific Coal prices for fiscal years 2009 through 2012;


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(2) “Company Case 1” is based on (i) Cliffs management estimates of future North America Iron Ore prices, Asia Pacific Iron Ore prices and Asia Pacific Coal prices for fiscal years 2008 through 2012 and North America (Metallurgical) Coal prices for fiscal year 2008, and (ii) Alpha management estimates of future North America (Metallurgical) Coal prices for fiscal years 2009 through 2012, which generally assume that such future prices decline annually beyond fiscal year 2009. For fiscal years 2008 through 2011, Alpha management estimates of future North America (Metallurgical) Coal prices generally correlated with those published in Wall Street equity research reports, selected by Citi on the basis of availability. The majority of such Wall Street equity research reports estimates projected a declining price curve; and
 
(3) “Company Case 2” is based on (i) Cliffs management estimates of future North America Iron Ore prices, Asia Pacific Iron Ore prices and Asia Pacific Coal prices for fiscal years 2008 through 2012 and North America (Metallurgical) Coal prices for fiscal year 2008, and (ii) Alpha management estimates of future North America (Metallurgical) Coal prices for fiscal years 2009 through 2012, which generally assume that such future prices remain relatively flat through fiscal year 2012. Alpha management estimates of future North America (Metallurgical) Coal prices considered Alpha management’s view of current and possible future supply and demand fundamentals of the metallurgical coal market and the increased level of strategic interests in U.S. metallurgical coal assets demonstrated by international steel companies.
 
Estimates of future North America Iron Ore prices, Asia Pacific Iron Ore prices and Asia Pacific Coal prices are identical in Company Case 1 and Company Case 2.
 
Citi derived the discounted cash flow values for Cliffs as the sum of the net present values of (1) the estimated unlevered free cash flows that Cliffs would generate from July 16, 2008 through fiscal year 2012 and (2) the terminal value of Cliffs at the end of fiscal year 2012. The terminal value for Cliffs was calculated by applying a range of EBITDA terminal value multiples of 5.0x to 6.0x to Cliffs’ fiscal year 2012 estimated EBITDA. The cash flows and terminal values were discounted to present value using discount rates ranging from 9.9% to 12.5%. This range represented Cliffs’ estimated weighted average cost of capital as derived by Citi based on, among other assumptions, market data for Cliffs and a number of selected companies in the iron ore and coal mining sectors which, in Citi’s determination, had businesses and operating profiles reasonably similar to those of Cliffs. Based on this analysis of Cliffs and the selected comparable companies, Citi determined that the range of discount rates it derived was appropriate for this discounted cash flow analysis. However, because of the inherent differences among the businesses, operations and prospects of Cliffs and the businesses, operations and prospects of the selected comparable companies, no comparable company is exactly the same as Cliffs. Neither Cliffs nor Alpha supplied Citi with, nor did Citi rely on, any Cliffs or Alpha management estimates of the discount rates used by Cliffs or Alpha management, respectively, in generating their own internal financial analyses. This analysis indicated the following approximate implied per share equity reference ranges for Cliffs:
 
         
    Implied per Share
 
    Equity Reference
 
   
Range for Cliffs
 
 
Wall Street Consensus Case
  $ 32.00 — $ 37.00  
Company Case 1
  $ 118.00 — $146.00  
Company Case 2
  $ 148.00 — $183.00  
 
Citi noted the implied per share equity reference ranges calculated above for each of the three alternative scenarios. Citi also noted that Cliffs’ closing share price on July 14, 2008 was $113.44. Citi compared the implied per share equity reference ranges above to Cliffs’ closing share price on July 14, 2008.
 
Comparable Companies Analysis
 
Citi compared financial, operating and stock market information, and forecasted financial information for Cliffs with that of selected publicly traded iron ore producers. The selected comparable companies considered by Citi were:
 
  •  Companhia Vale do Rio Doce S.A., or Vale
 
  •  Fortescue Metals Group Ltd.


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  •  Kumba Iron Ore Ltd.
 
  •  Ferrexpo plc
 
  •  Mount Gibson Iron Limited
 
The financial information used by Citi for the selected comparable companies was based on company filings and selected Wall Street equity research reports, and for Cliffs, Cliffs management estimates, which were adjusted for certain coal price assumptions made by Alpha management. All of the multiples were calculated using public trading market closing prices on July 14, 2008.
 
For each of the selected comparable companies, Citi derived and compared, among other things, the multiple of each company’s firm value to its EBITDA for the estimated calendar years 2009 and 2010. Citi calculated firm value as (a) equity value, based on the per share closing stock price on July 14, 2008 of all fully diluted shares assuming the exercise or conversion of all in-the-money options, warrants and convertible securities outstanding, less the proceeds of any such options or warrants, as reflected in each company’s latest publicly available information; plus (b) non-convertible indebtedness; plus (c) minority interests; plus (d) non-convertible preferred stock; plus (e) all out-of-the-money convertible securities; minus (f) cash and cash equivalents; minus (g) investments in unconsolidated affiliates.
 
Due to the significant increase in projected iron ore and coal prices by Wall Street equity research analysts prior to the execution of the merger agreement, Citi observed that estimates of EBITDA for the calendar years 2009 and 2010 varied meaningfully among Wall Street equity research analysts and that such estimates tended to be higher in more recently published research reports. As a result, Citi considered for each of the selected comparable companies (i) Wall Street Consensus Estimates and (ii) Wall Street Top Quartile Estimates.
 
Based on the comparable companies analysis and taking into consideration other performance metrics and qualitative judgments, Citi derived the following reference range of firm value / EBITDA multiples for calendar years 2009 and 2010:
 
i. 4.5x to 5.5x for calendar year 2009 estimated EBITDA and 4.0x to 5.0x for calendar year 2010 estimated EBITDA, based on Wall Street Consensus Estimates; and
 
ii. 3.5x to 4.5x for calendar year 2009 estimated EBITDA and 3.0x to 4.0x for calendar year 2010 estimated EBITDA, based on Wall Street Top Quartile Estimates.
 
Citi then applied these multiples to Cliffs’ estimated EBITDA for calendar years 2009 and 2010 under the three alternative scenarios described above. This analysis indicated the following implied per share equity reference ranges for Cliffs:
 
         
    Implied per Share
 
    Equity Reference
 
    Range for Cliffs  
 
Wall Street Consensus Case
       
Wall Street Consensus Estimates
  $ 70.00 — $ 85.00  
Wall Street Top Quartile Estimates
  $ 50.00 — $ 70.00  
Company Case 1
       
Wall Street Consensus Estimates
  $ 100.00 — $125.00  
Wall Street Top Quartile Estimates
  $ 75.00 — $100.00  
Company Case 2
       
Wall Street Consensus Estimates
  $ 115.00 — $145.00  
Wall Street Top Quartile Estimates
  $ 85.00 — $115.00  
 
Citi noted the implied per share equity reference ranges calculated above for each of the three alternative scenarios. Citi also noted that Cliffs’ closing share price on July 14, 2008 was $113.44. Citi compared the implied per share equity reference ranges above to Cliffs’ closing share price on July 14, 2008.


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Citi selected the comparable companies used in the comparable companies analysis because their businesses and operating profiles are reasonably similar to those of Cliffs. However, because of the inherent differences among the businesses, operations and prospects of Cliffs and the businesses, operations and prospects of the selected comparable companies, no comparable company is exactly the same as Cliffs. Therefore, Citi believed that it was inappropriate to, and therefore did not, rely solely on the quantitative results of the comparable companies analysis. Accordingly, Citi made qualitative judgments concerning differences between the financial and operating characteristics and prospects of Cliffs and the companies included in the comparable companies analysis that would affect the public trading values of each in order to provide a context in which to consider the results of the quantitative analysis. These qualitative judgments related primarily to the differing sizes, growth prospects, geographic location of assets, profitability levels and business segments between Cliffs and the companies included in the comparable companies analysis and other matters, many of which are beyond Cliffs’ control, such as the impact of competition on its businesses and the industry generally, industry growth and the absence of any adverse material change in the financial condition and prospects of Cliffs or the industry or in the financial markets in general. Mathematical analysis (such as determining the average or median) is not in itself a meaningful method of using peer group data.
 
Selected Precedent Transactions Analysis
 
Based upon (1) the significant projected increases in iron ore and coal prices from calendar year 2008 through 2009, which are generally significantly greater than the historical increases of such prices, and (2) the significant projected growth of EBITDA for Cliffs from fiscal year 2008 through 2009, which is generally significantly greater than the projected growth of EBITDA of target companies involved in recent precedent transactions in the iron ore industry, Citi did not consider precedent transactions based upon trailing multiples to be a meaningful benchmark for evaluating Cliffs.
 
Other Analyses
 
Implied Historical Premium Analysis
 
Citi reviewed, for informational and illustrative purposes, the implied premiums to be paid in the merger based on a comparison of the historical average share prices of Alpha common stock for various periods to the per share merger consideration, consisting of $22.23 per share in cash and 0.95 of a share of Cliffs common shares valued based on the historical average share prices of Cliffs common shares for the respective periods. Citi derived the implied premium represented relative to the closing price of Alpha common stock on July 14, 2008 (the last trading day prior to the execution of the merger agreement), the average closing prices of Alpha common stock for the 5-day, 10-day, 20-day, 30-day, 60-day, and 90-day periods ended July 14, 2008, and with the 52-week high and low closing prices of Alpha common stock ended July 14, 2008.
 
The results of this analysis are set forth below:
 
                                                         
                      Implied Value of Consideration     Implied
 
    Alpha     Cliffs     Exchange Ratio     Stock     Cash     Total     Premium  
 
July 14, 2008
  $ 98.72     $ 113.44       0.95 x   $ 107.77     $ 22.23     $ 130.00       32 %
5-Day Average
    92.37       105.69       0.95       100.40       22.23       122.63       33  
10-Day Average
    93.17       105.08       0.95       99.83       22.23       122.06       31  
20-Day Average
    94.53       106.39       0.95       101.07       22.23       123.30       30  
30-Day Average
    92.21       105.23       0.95       99.97       22.23       122.20       33  
60-Day Average
    76.59       97.21       0.95       92.35       22.23       114.58       50  
90-Day Average
    65.42       86.05       0.95       81.75       22.23       103.98       59  
52-Week High
    108.73       121.95       0.95       115.85       22.23       138.08       27  
52-Week Low
    15.92       28.20       0.95       26.79       22.23       49.02       208  


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Relative Financial Contribution Analysis
 
Citi reviewed, for informational and illustrative purposes, the relative financial contributions of Alpha and Cliffs to the combined estimated fiscal year 2008, 2009 and 2010 EBITDA and net income, excluding synergies and transaction adjustments, under the following three alternative scenarios: (1) Wall Street Consensus Case for each of Alpha and Cliffs, as described above, (2) Company Case 1 for each of Alpha and Cliffs, as described above, and (3) Company Case 2 for each of Alpha and Cliffs, as described above.
 
The results of this analysis are set forth below:
 
         
    % Contribution
    Cliffs   Alpha
 
Wall Street Consensus Case
       
EBITDA
       
2008E
   68%    32%
2009E
  59   41
2010E
  55   45
Net Income
       
2008E
   73%    27%
2009E
  62   38
2010E
  56   44
Company Case 1
       
EBITDA
       
2008E
   69%    31%
2009E
  62   38
2010E
  68   32
Net Income
       
2008E
   73%    27%
2009E
  64   36
2010E
  70   30
Company Case 2
       
EBITDA
       
2008E
   69%    31%
2009E
  59   41
2010E
  61   39
Net Income
       
2008E
   73%    27%
2009E
  61   39
2010E
  62   38
 
Pro Forma Accretion/Dilution Analysis
 
Citi reviewed, for informational and illustrative purposes, potential accretion/dilution of cash flow per share (or “CFPS”) and earnings per share (or “EPS”) of Cliffs pro forma for the transaction under the following three alternative scenarios: (1) Wall Street Consensus Case for each of Alpha and Cliffs, as described above, (2) Company Case 1 for each of Alpha and Cliffs, as described above, and (3) Company Case 2 for each of Alpha and Cliffs, as described above. Citi based these calculations on, among other factors, an assumed transaction closing date of December 31, 2008, preliminary purchase accounting assumptions (applicable only to EPS) that were provided to Citi by Alpha management and the assumption of no synergies.


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The results of this analysis are set forth below:
 
                 
    Accretion / (Dilution)
 
    to Cliffs  
    CFPS     EPS  
 
Wall Street Consensus Case
               
2009E
    (7 )%     (18 )%
2010E
    (1 )%     (17 )%
Company Case 1
               
2009E
    (9 )%     (19 )%
2010E
    (16 )%     (26 )%
Company Case 2
               
2009E
    1 %     (14 )%
2010E
    (2 )%     (13 %)
 
Citi’s advisory services and opinion were provided for the information of the Alpha board of directors in its evaluation of the merger and did not constitute a recommendation of the merger to Alpha or a recommendation to any holder of Alpha common stock as to how that stockholder should vote or act on any matters relating to the merger.
 
The preceding discussion is a summary of the material financial analyses furnished by Citi to the Alpha board of directors, but it does not purport to be a complete description of the analyses performed by Citi or of its presentations to the Alpha board of directors. The preparation of financial analyses and fairness opinions is a complex process involving subjective judgments and is not necessarily susceptible to partial analysis or summary description. Citi made no attempt to assign specific weights to particular analyses or factors considered, but rather made qualitative judgments as to the significance and relevance of all the analyses and factors considered and determined to give its fairness opinion as described above. Accordingly, Citi believes that its analyses, and the summary set forth above, must be considered as a whole and that selecting portions of the analyses and of the factors considered by Citi, without considering all of the analyses and factors, could create a misleading or incomplete view of the processes underlying the analyses conducted by Citi and its opinion.
 
In its analyses, Citi made numerous assumptions with respect to Alpha, industry performance, general business, economic, market and financial conditions and other matters, many of which are beyond the control of Alpha. Any estimates contained in Citi’s analyses are not necessarily indicative of actual values or predictive of future results or values, which may be significantly more or less favorable than those suggested by these analyses. Estimates of values of companies do not purport to be appraisals or necessarily to reflect the prices at which companies may actually be sold. Because these estimates are inherently subject to uncertainty, none of Alpha, the Alpha board of directors, Citi or any other person assumes responsibility if future results or actual values differ materially from the estimates.
 
Citi’s analyses were prepared solely as part of Citi’s analysis of the fairness of the merger consideration in the merger and were provided to the Alpha board of directors in that connection. The opinion of Citi was only one of the factors taken into consideration by the Alpha board of directors in making its determination to approve the merger agreement and the merger. See “— Alpha’s Reasons for the Merger and Recommendation of Alpha’s Board of Directors” beginning on page 59.
 
Citi is an internationally recognized investment banking firm engaged in, among other things, the valuation of businesses and their securities in connection with mergers and acquisitions, restructurings, leveraged buyouts, negotiated underwritings, competitive biddings, secondary distributions of listed and unlisted securities, private placements and valuations for estate, corporate and other purposes. Alpha selected Citi to act as its financial advisor on the basis of Citi’s international reputation and Citi’s familiarity with Alpha. Citi and its affiliates may in the future provide services to Alpha and Cliffs unrelated to the proposed merger, for which services Citi and such affiliates would expect to receive compensation. In the ordinary course of business, Citi and its affiliates may actively trade or hold the securities of Alpha and Cliffs for their own account or for the account of their customers


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and, accordingly, may at any time hold a long or short position in such securities. Citi and its affiliates (including Citigroup Inc. and its affiliates) may maintain relationships with Alpha, Cliffs and their respective affiliates.
 
Pursuant to Citi’s engagement letter with Alpha, Alpha agreed to pay Citi the following fees for its services rendered in connection with the merger: (i) $1,500,000 payable promptly upon delivery by Citi of the written fairness opinion in connection with this transaction plus (ii) a transaction fee equal to 0.550% of the aggregate value of the transaction less the $1,500,000 paid under (i) above, payable promptly upon consummation of the transaction. In the event the merger is terminated, Alpha has agreed to pay Citi 25% (not to exceed 50% of the transaction fee and not to be paid if a transaction fee was previously paid) of (A) any termination, break-up, topping, or similar fee or payment received in connection with the merger agreement and (B) any profit arising from shares of Cliffs or any of its affiliates acquired by Alpha in connection with the merger, if any, payable promptly upon receipt of any such compensation by Alpha. Alpha has also agreed to reimburse Citi for its reasonable and documented travel and other expenses incurred in connection with its engagement, including reasonable fees and expenses of not more than one outside counsel per jurisdiction, up to a maximum amount of $100,000 (except for expenses relating to the preparation and delivery of the opinion, which are not capped), and to indemnify Citi against specific liabilities and expenses relating to or arising out of its engagement, including liabilities under the federal securities laws.
 
The merger consideration was determined by arms-length negotiations between Alpha and Cliffs, in consultation with their respective financial advisors and other representatives, and was not established by such financial advisors or other representatives.
 
Citi and its affiliates in the past have provided, and currently provide, services to Alpha unrelated to the merger, for which services Citi and/or its affiliates have received and expect compensation, including, without limitation, (i) acting as joint book-running manager in Alpha’s offerings of convertible senior notes and common stock in April 2008, (ii) acting as dealer manager for the tender offer and consent solicitation made by two of Alpha’s subsidiaries in April 2008 with respect to senior notes co-issued by such subsidiaries, (iii) acting as administrative agent, joint lead arranger, joint book manager and lender under Alpha’s existing credit facilities and (iv) acting as an advisor to Alpha in considering other strategic alternatives. Neither Citi nor its affiliates provides, or in the past have provided, services to Cliffs.
 
Opinion of Cliffs’ Financial Advisor
 
Pursuant to an engagement letter dated July 8, 2008, Cliffs retained J.P. Morgan as its financial advisor in connection with the proposed merger and to render an opinion to the Cliffs board of directors as to the fairness, from a financial point of view, to Cliffs of the consideration to be paid by Cliffs in the proposed merger.
 
At the meeting of the Cliffs board of directors on July 15, 2008, J.P. Morgan delivered its oral opinion to the Cliffs board of directors (which was subsequently confirmed in writing on the same date) that, as of such date and on the basis of and subject to the various factors and assumptions set forth in its opinion, the consideration to be paid by Cliffs to Alpha stockholders in the proposed merger was fair, from a financial point of view, to Cliffs.
 
The full text of the written opinion of J.P. Morgan, which sets forth the assumptions made, general procedures followed, matters considered and limitations on the scope of the review undertaken by J.P. Morgan in conducting its financial analysis and rendering its opinion, is attached as Annex C to this joint proxy statement/prospectus and is incorporated herein by reference. Cliffs’ shareholders are urged to read the J.P. Morgan opinion carefully and in its entirety.
 
The J.P. Morgan opinion is addressed to the Cliffs board of directors, is dated July 15, 2008, is directed only to the fairness, from a financial point of view, to Cliffs of the consideration to be paid by Cliffs in the proposed merger and does not constitute a recommendation as to how the Cliffs or the Alpha stockholders should vote with respect to the proposed merger or any other matter.
 
The following summary of the J.P. Morgan opinion is qualified by reference to the full text of the J.P. Morgan opinion.
 
In arriving at its opinion, J.P. Morgan, among other things:
 
  •  reviewed a draft dated July 15, 2008 of the merger agreement;


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  •  reviewed certain publicly available business and financial information concerning Cliffs and Alpha and the industries in which they operate;
 
  •  compared the financial and operating performance of Cliffs and Alpha with publicly available information concerning certain other companies J.P. Morgan deemed relevant and reviewed the current and historical market prices of Cliffs common shares and Alpha common stock and certain publicly traded securities of such other companies;
 
  •  reviewed certain internal financial analyses and forecasts prepared by management of Alpha, certain analyses of Alpha’s business prepared by the management of Cliffs and certain internal financial analyses and forecasts prepared by the management of Cliffs relating to Cliffs’ business, as well as the estimated amount and timing of cost savings and related expenses and synergies expected to result from the merger; and
 
  •  performed such other financial studies and analyses and considered such other information as J.P. Morgan deemed appropriate for the purposes of its opinion.
 
J.P. Morgan also held discussions with certain members of the management of Cliffs and Alpha with respect to certain aspects of the merger, and the past and current business operations of Cliffs and Alpha, the financial condition and future prospects and operations of Cliffs and Alpha, the effects of the merger on the financial condition and future prospects of Cliffs and Alpha, and certain other matters J.P. Morgan believed necessary or appropriate to its inquiry.
 
J.P. Morgan relied upon and assumed the accuracy and completeness of all information that was publicly available or was furnished to or discussed with J.P. Morgan by Cliffs and Alpha or otherwise reviewed by or for J.P. Morgan, and J.P. Morgan did not independently verify (nor did J.P. Morgan assume responsibility or liability for independently verifying) any such information or its accuracy or completeness. J.P. Morgan did not conduct, and was not provided, with any valuation or appraisal of any assets or liabilities, nor did J.P. Morgan evaluate the solvency of Cliffs or Alpha under any state or federal laws relating to bankruptcy, insolvency or similar matters. In relying on financial analyses and forecasts provided to it or derived therefrom, including the synergies referred to above, J.P. Morgan assumed that they were reasonably prepared based on assumptions reflecting the best currently available estimates and judgments by management as to the expected future results of operations and financial condition of Cliffs and Alpha to which such analyses or forecasts relate. J.P. Morgan expressed no view as to such analyses or forecasts (including the synergies referred to above) or the assumptions on which they were based. J.P. Morgan also assumed that the merger and the other transactions contemplated by the merger agreement will qualify as a tax-free reorganization for United States federal income tax purposes, and will be consummated as described in the merger agreement and that the definitive merger agreement would not differ in any material respect from the draft thereof provided to J.P. Morgan. J.P. Morgan also assumed that the representations and warranties made by Cliffs and Alpha in the merger agreement and the related agreements are and will be true and correct in all respects material to J.P. Morgan’s analysis. J.P. Morgan is not a legal, regulatory or tax expert and relied on the assessments made by advisors to Cliffs with respect to such issues. J.P. Morgan further assumed that all material governmental, regulatory or other consents and approvals necessary for the consummation of the merger will be obtained without any adverse effect on Cliffs or Alpha or on the contemplated benefits of the merger.
 
The projections furnished to J.P. Morgan for Alpha were prepared by the respective managements of Cliffs and Alpha in connection with the proposed transaction. Neither Cliffs nor Alpha publicly discloses internal management projections of the type provided to J.P. Morgan in connection with J.P. Morgan’s analysis of the merger, and such projections were prepared in connection with the proposed transaction and were not prepared with a view toward public disclosure. These projections were based on numerous variables and assumptions that are inherently uncertain and may be beyond the control of management, including, without limitation, factors related to general economic and competitive conditions and prevailing interest rates. Accordingly, actual results could vary significantly from those set forth in such projections.
 
The J.P. Morgan opinion is necessarily based on economic, market and other conditions as in effect on, and the information made available to J.P. Morgan as of, the date of the J.P. Morgan opinion. It should be understood that subsequent developments may affect the J.P. Morgan opinion, and J.P. Morgan does not have any obligation to


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update, revise, or reaffirm the J.P. Morgan opinion. The J.P. Morgan opinion is limited to the fairness, from a financial point of view, to Cliffs of the consideration to be paid by Cliffs in the proposed merger and J.P. Morgan has expressed no opinion as to the fairness of the merger to the holders of any class of securities, creditors or other constituencies of Cliffs or as to the underlying decision by Cliffs to engage in the merger. J.P. Morgan expressed no opinion as to the price at which Cliffs common shares or Alpha common stock will trade at any future time.
 
The consideration payable to Alpha stockholders in the proposed merger was determined through negotiation between Alpha and Cliffs and the decision to enter into the merger agreement was solely that of Alpha and Cliffs. The J.P. Morgan opinion and financial analyses were only one of the many factors considered by Cliffs in its evaluation of the proposed merger and should not be viewed as determinative of the views of the Cliffs board of directors or management with respect to the proposed merger or the merger consideration.
 
In accordance with customary investment banking practice, J.P. Morgan employed generally accepted valuation methods in reaching its opinion. The following is a summary of the material financial analyses undertaken by J.P. Morgan in connection with providing its opinion to the Cliffs board of directors on July 15, 2008. Some of the summaries of the financial analyses include information presented in tabular format. To fully understand the financial analyses, the tables should be read together with the text of each summary. Considering the data set forth in the table without considering the narrative description of the financial analyses, including the methodologies and assumptions underlying the analyses, could create a misleading or incomplete view of the financial analyses.
 
Publicly traded comparable company analysis
 
Using publicly available information, J.P. Morgan compared selected financial data of Alpha and Cliffs with similar data for selected publicly traded companies engaged in businesses which J.P. Morgan judged to be analogous to the respective businesses of Alpha and Cliffs.
 
For Alpha, the companies selected by J.P. Morgan were:
 
  •  Arch Coal, Inc.
 
  •  CONSOL Energy Inc.
 
  •  Foundation Coal Holdings, Inc.
 
  •  Massey Energy Company
 
  •  Walter Industries, Inc.
 
For Cliffs, the companies selected by J.P. Morgan were divided into four groups — Diversified Mining, Base Metals, International Iron Ore and Steel — and were as follows:
 
Diversified Mining
 
  •  Anglo American plc
 
  •  BHP Billiton Group
 
  •  Vale
 
  •  Rio Tinto plc
 
  •  Teck Cominco Limited
 
  •  Xstrata plc
 
Base Metals
 
  •  Antofagasta plc
 
  •  Freeport-McMoRan Copper & Gold Inc.
 
  •  Southern Copper Corporation


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International Iron Ore
 
  •  Kumba Iron Ore Limited
 
  •  Mount Gibson Iron Limited
 
Steel
 
  •  ArcelorMittal USA
 
  •  United States Steel Corporation
 
These companies were selected for each of Alpha and Cliffs, among other reasons, because the companies share similar business and financial characteristics to Alpha and Cliffs, as applicable. In each case, J.P. Morgan also made judgments and assumptions concerning differences in financial and operating characteristics of the selected companies and other factors that could affect the public trading value of the selected companies.
 
For each of the selected companies and for Alpha and Cliffs, J.P. Morgan divided the company’s firm value, based on most recent publicly available information, at July 14, 2008 by its estimated EBITDA for the calendar year ending December 31, 2009, the result of which is referred to as the “Firm Value/EBITDA Multiple.” In addition, for each of the selected companies and for Alpha and Cliffs, J.P. Morgan divided the company’s equity value at July 14, 2008 by its estimated operating cash flow for the calendar year ending December 31, 2009, the result of which is referred to as the “Equity Value/Operating Cash Flow Multiple.” The estimates of both EBITDA and operating cash flow for the selected companies were based on publicly available equity research estimates. With respect to Alpha and Cliffs, two sets of estimates of EBITDA and operating cash flow were developed — one based on publicly available equity research estimates and the other on projections provided by Alpha and Cliffs and certain analyses of Alpha’s business prepared by Cliffs’ management.
 
The following table reflects the results of the analysis:
 
         
        Equity Value/
    Firm Value/
  Operating Cash Flow
    EBITDA Multiple
  Multiple
    2009E   2009E
 
Alpha — Comparables
       
Range
  3.8x — 7.7x   6.4x — 10.2x
Median(1)
  7.0x   8.9x
Cliffs — Comparables
       
Diversified Mining range
  4.6x — 7.8x   6.0x — 7.8x
Diversified Mining median
  5.4x   6.4x
Base Metals range
  4.1x — 5.8x   5.5x — 8.1x
Base Metals median
  4.7x   5.8x
International Iron Ore range
  3.0x — 4.2x   3.9x — 6.0x
International Iron Ore median
  3.6x   5.0x
Steel range
  5.1x — 6.2x   6.5x — 7.8x
Steel median
  5.6x   7.2x
 
 
(1) Walter Industries was excluded from the median
 
Based on the Firm Value/EBITDA multiple range of 5.0 to 7.0 applied to Alpha’s projected 2009 EBITDA, J.P. Morgan arrived at an estimated implied valuation range for Alpha common stock of $131 to $182 per share. Based on the Firm Value/EBITDA multiple range of 4.5 to 5.5 applied to Cliffs’ projected 2009 EBITDA, J.P. Morgan arrived at an estimated implied valuation range for Cliffs common shares of $116 to $142 per share.
 
Based upon these implied per share equity values, J.P. Morgan calculated a range of implied exchange ratios of 0.9230 to 1.5660.
 
Based on the Equity Value/Operating Cash Flow Multiple range of 7.0 to 9.0 applied to Alpha’s projected 2009 operating cash flow, J.P. Morgan arrived at an estimated implied valuation range for Alpha common stock of $132 to $170 per share. Based on the Equity Value/Operating Cash Flow Multiple range of 5.5 to 7.0 applied to Cliffs’


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projected 2009 operating cash flow, J.P. Morgan arrived at an estimated implied valuation range for Cliffs common shares of $107 to $136 per share.
 
Based upon these implied per share equity values, J.P. Morgan calculated a range of implied exchange ratios of 0.9720 to 1.5900.
 
The implied exchange ratio analysis provides a measure of the relative value of shares of Alpha common stock and Cliffs common shares by showing the number of Cliffs common shares having a value equal to one share of Alpha common stock. The purpose of this implied exchange ratio analysis is to provide a range of illustrative exchange ratios, or a relative measure of the relative market values of Alpha common stock to Cliffs common shares. The resulting exchange ratios are not directly comparable to the exchange ratio for the merger because in the merger, Alpha stockholders will receive cash in addition to Cliffs common shares.
 
In each case, J.P. Morgan compared the implied exchange ratio to 1.1460, calculated by dividing $130.00 per share of Alpha common stock by $113.44. $130.00 was calculated as the sum of (a) $22.23 per share of cash and (b) the product of 0.95 multiplied by $113.44. $113.44 was the closing price of Cliffs common shares on July 14, 2008.
 
Discounted cash flow analysis
 
J.P. Morgan calculated ranges of implied fully diluted equity value per share for both Alpha common stock and Cliffs common shares by performing a discounted cash flow analysis on a stand-alone basis (without synergies). In addition, J.P. Morgan also calculated ranges of implied fully diluted equity value per share for Alpha common stock with synergies. The discounted cash flow analysis for both Alpha and Cliffs assumed a valuation date of December 31, 2008 and was based on, in the case of Alpha, projections provided by Alpha and certain analyses of Alpha’s business prepared by the management of Cliffs and, in the case of Cliffs, projections provided by Cliffs. The discounted cash flow analysis for Alpha common stock with synergies assumed pretax synergies of $50 million in 2009 and $100 million in 2010. Costs to achieve these synergies in 2009 were estimated to be $50 million, based on management guidance.
 
A discounted cash flow analysis is a traditional method of evaluating an asset by estimating the future cash flows of an asset and taking into consideration the time value of money with respect to those future cash flows by calculating the “present value” of the estimated future cash flows of the asset. “Present value” refers to the current value of one or more future cash payments, or “cash flows,” from an asset and is obtained by discounting those future cash flows or amounts by a discount rate that takes into account macro-economic assumptions, estimates of risk, the opportunity cost of capital, expected returns and other appropriate factors. Other financial terms utilized below are “terminal value,” which refers to the value of all future cash flows from an asset at a particular point in time, and “unlevered free cash flows,” which refers to a calculation of the future cash flows of an asset without including in such calculation any debt servicing costs.
 
In arriving at the estimated equity values per share of Alpha common stock and Cliffs common shares, J.P. Morgan calculated terminal values as of December 31, 2018 by applying a range of perpetual revenue growth rates of 0.0% to 1.0% and a range of discount rates of 10.0% to 12.0%. The unlevered free cash flows from January 1, 2009 through December 31, 2018 and the terminal value were then discounted to present values using the range of discount rates and added together in order to derive the unlevered enterprise values for each of Alpha and Cliffs. The range of discount rates used by J.P. Morgan in its analysis was estimated using traditional investment banking methodology, including the analysis of selected publicly traded companies engaged in businesses that J.P. Morgan deemed relevant to Alpha’s and Cliffs’ businesses. These publicly traded companies were analyzed to determine the appropriate beta (an estimate of systematic risk) and target debt/total capital ratio to use in calculating the ranges of discount rates described above. The companies analyzed were the same as those used in c